Feeding rates of planktonic copepods from inshore waters, near Townsville, north Queensland
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Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the feeding rates of 5 species of tropical planktonic copepods. Calanopia elliptica, Eucalanus subcrassus, Paracalanus aculeatus, Tortanus gracilis and Temora turbinata were selected from plankton samples collected from inshore waters near Townsville, from May to October, 1976. Seawater was also collected from the sampling sites and filtered for use in experiments.Prior to commencement of experiments, subsamples of copepods were taken for dry body weight measurements. Experiments commenced 3-4 hours after collection. Individual Eucalanus, Tortanus or Calanopia were placed in 50 or 75 ml beakers of filtered seawater and 20 to 50 Artemia nauplii were added. Beakers were placed in a glass incubator so that the copepods were subjected to natural light cycles. Temperatures were maintained close to that of the water where the copepods were collected (22-25°C). To examine differences in feeding rates between day and night, each copepod was removed and placed in a new beaker, under the same conditions, twice a day (0800 and 1700hr) until the copepod died. Artemia nauplii remaining in the beaker after removal of the copepod were counted and the feeding rate calculated. The effect of container volume on feeding rates was also tested by placing single females of Eucalanus subcrassus or Tortanus gracilis in containers of different volumes (50, 200, 1000 ml).Experiments with Temora turbinata and Paracalanus aculeotus were carried out in 24.5 ml vials instead of beakers and each copepod was removed and placed in a new vial once per day. The concentration of the phytoplankton food cells introduced to each copepod was between 1-3 x 10^6 µm³/ml. Incubations were carried out in the dark to prevent cell sedimentation and addition growth of food cells. The concentration of cells prior to and after incubations were determined in terms of total cell volume with a Coulter Counter TAII.The experimental results were used to calculate daily ration for each copepod species, expressed as a percentage of body weight. This research was initiated to 1. measure feeding rates of copepods from tropical waters2. enable comparisons with published feeding rates of copepods from temperate and boreal seas. Food species:Eucalanus, Tortanus and Calanopa: newly hatched Artemia naupliiTemora: Dunaliella salina Paracalanus: Skeletonema costatum
COPEPOD: The Coastal & Oceanic Plankton Ecology, Production, & Observation Database
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The Coastal & Oceanic Plankton Ecology, Production, & Observation Database (COPEPOD) provides NMFS scientists with quality-controlled, globally distributed plankton biomass, abundance, and composition data, along with other co-sampled physical, chemical, and biological oceanographic variables. COPEPOD provides in situ data along with spatial and temporal data products (i.e., high-resolution gridded mean fields and time series analyses), fulfilling the data needs of plankton scientists at a broad range of aggregations and resolutions (from individual species observations for taxonomists to global carbon fields for modelers).
Planktonic copepod community structure in summer, North West Cape, Western Australia
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The community composition of pelagic copepods near Australia's North West Cape was studied during the austral summers of 1997/1998 and 1998/1999 from sampling from a set of 8 stations (A-H) along a 36km cross-shelf transect. Over 120 species of copepods were identified: 60 species of calanoid copepods and 5 harpacticoid copepods. Families (number of species) found were: Aetideidae (1), Arcartiidae (5), Augaptilidae (2), Calanidae (5), Candaciidae (5), Centropagidae (2), Clausocalanidae (7), Clytemnestridae (1), Coryacaeidae (22), Ectinosomatidae (1), Eucalidae (5), Euchaetidae (2), Euterpinidae (1), Lubbokcidae (1), Lucicutiidae (2), Mecynoceridae (1), Metridinidae (2), Miraciidae (1), Oithonidae (11), Oncaeidae (19), Paracalanidae (15), Pontellidae (5), Pseudodiaptomidae (3), Rhincalanidae (1), Sapphirinidae (2), Scolecitrichidae (2), Temoridae (2), Tisbidae (1), Tortanidae (1). Data includes the date of sampling; station (4 inshore, A-D; 4 off-shore, E-H); and season - spring (October and November) and summer (December to February). [What about the 2 stations - NWC097 (Be) and NWC125 (Sl) - sampled when moved out of the way of Cyclone Tiffany?] Measurements of zooplankton communities abundances and biomass (>73µm plankton) were also taken. Environmental variables were: depth; water temperature and salinity; in situ light levels; density, chlorophyll a; dissolved nutrients (NH4, NO2, NO3, PO4, Si); primary and bacterial production rates. To assess zooplankton communities near North West Cape. These data were collected in conjunction with separate datasets on larval fishes and macroplankton, described in separate metadata records. During the sampling period, Cyclone Tiffany passed through the area (22 January - 02 February 1998) enabling comparison of the pelagic copepod community composition before and after the event. A subset of the data has been provided to the Ocean Biogeographic Information System: Australian Institute of Marine Science - Summer planktonic communities of North West Cape, Western Australia. (OBIS, http://www.iobis.org/explore/#/dataset/1497).
Respiration rates of copepod larvae and a ciliate from Bowling Green Bay, North Queensland
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Laboratory experiments were carried out on copepod larvae and a ciliate (Placus sp.), collected from inshore waters in Bowling Green Bay. Surface seawater was collected at the same time and filtered for later use in experiments. Five series of experiments were conducted on the copepod larvae, which were separated from phytoplankton and other material in the plankton samples, using the phototactic response of the zooplankton. Two series of experiments were carried out on the ciliate, Placus sp., which was collected in an almost pure sample from the study site.A series of experiments consisted of between 5 and 12 measurements on animals from a plankton sample. A new sub-sample of animals, consisting of between 200 and 1300 individuals was used for each measurement. Each series was completed within 2-7 hours of collection, except for one of the copepod samples, when measurements commenced one day after collection.Respiration rates were measured using an oxygen electrode method. At the end of each measurement, the animals were preserved and later counted under a dissecting microscope. For each experimental series, animals were pooled and the size distribution measured with a Coulter Counter TAII.Average biovolume was calculated, based on the diameters of animals in each experimental series. This value was then used to calculate average body wet weight (µg). This research was initiated to:1. measure respiration rates of microzooplankton (2. compare the results with published respiration rates of other similar sized animals and net-zooplankton (>200-300 µm body size)3. estimate the relative importance of microzooplankton respiration to total zooplankton respiration in tropical marine ecosystems.
Community composition of reef associated copepods in the lagoon of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef
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Reef associated zooplankton were sampled at a fixed site in the north of the lagoon of Davies Reef in June, September and December 1989 and April 1990. Three sampling techniques were used to sample the zooplankton community on each occasion. Analysis of samples focussed on the copepod community. Triplicate vertical hauls of a 150 cm long, 50 cm diameter, 64 µm plankton net were made through the full water column and also for the top 6m only. Samples were taken over a 24 hour period (2 tidal cycles) at times corresponding to low tide, mid-tide (rising), high tide and mid-tide (falling). After each set of net hauls, Niskin casts were made at 3, 6 and 9 m depth and near the bottom. Subsamples of the water were filtered through a 35 µm filter for determination of the number of nauplii and additional subsamples were taken for chlorophyll analysis. Swarming copepod species, not well sampled using plankton nets, were observed using SCUBA and samples were collected and identified when swarms were abundant.In the laboratory, the preserved net samples were subsampled. Counts were made of adult copepods, identified to species and sex where possible, and juveniles identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. This research was undertaken to describe diurnal, tidal and seasonal changes in the reef associated copepod community in the water column in the lagoon at Davies Reef.
Community composition of reef associated copepods in the lagoon of Davies Reef, Great Barrier Reef
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Reef associated zooplankton were sampled at a fixed site in the north of the lagoon of Davies Reef in June, September and December 1989 and April 1990. Three sampling techniques were used to sample the zooplankton community on each occasion. Analysis of samples focussed on the copepod community. Triplicate vertical hauls of a 150 cm long, 50 cm diameter, 64 µm plankton net were made through the full water column and also for the top 6m only. Samples were taken over a 24 hour period (2 tidal cycles) at times corresponding to low tide, mid-tide (rising), high tide and mid-tide (falling). After each set of net hauls, Niskin casts were made at 3, 6 and 9 m depth and near the bottom. Subsamples of the water were filtered through a 35 µm filter for determination of the number of nauplii and additional subsamples were taken for chlorophyll analysis. Swarming copepod species, not well sampled using plankton nets, were observed using SCUBA and samples were collected and identified when swarms were abundant.In the laboratory, the preserved net samples were subsampled. Counts were made of adult copepods, identified to species and sex where possible, and juveniles identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. This research was undertaken to describe diurnal, tidal and seasonal changes in the reef associated copepod community in the water column in the lagoon at Davies Reef.
Growth and development of the copepod Acrocalanus gibber from Chunda Bay, north Queensland
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Growth rates of the subtropical copepod, A. gibber, were measured from 9 field and 3 laboratory experiments between April 1992 and November 1994. Plankton were collected 500 m from the shore in Chunda Bay using a 0.5 m diameter, 280 µm plankton net. Plankton were transferred into a 20 litre bucket filled with water from the bay. In the laboratory, the plankton were concentrated and then sorted under a binocular microspope, 200-400 adult female Acrocalanus gibber were transferred into a 20 cm diameter PVC cylinder with 100 µm mesh covering the bottom. The cylinder was suspended in a bucket containing 20 litres of 37 µm screened bay water, to which excess cultured phytoplankton had been added. Eggs from the females easily isolated from the adults as they passed through the mesh of the cylinder. Concentrations of eggs and nauplii were kept for field growth experiements in Chunda Bay. Containers were suspended in Chunda Bay in North Queensland and samples removed every 1-2 days. Growth rates and egg production rates were determined. Carbon and nitrogen contents of each of the developmental stages and from the filters (laboratory) and water (field) were recorded. Date, temperature, chlorophyll a, prosome length, molting rate, and copepod weight were also recorded. The origin of the animals was also recorded: w - wild caught females; e - females produced in experimental incubations. Field and laboratory studies were carried out to examine the effects of temperature and food supply on growth rates of the copepod, Acrocalanus gibber, a common component of the plankton in subtropical and tropical waters.
Changes in physiological activities and biochemical components of marine zooplankton after capture (Great Barrier Reef)
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Specimens of the decapod shrimp, Acetes sibogae australis, were collected along the jetty of the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and specimens of the copepod, Acartia australis, were collected from Davies Reef lagoon. The copepods were transported in a 20 litre bucket to the AIMS laboratory within six hours. In the laboratory each species was transferred to gently aerated aquaria containing unfiltered sea water collected from the same site as the animals and placed in a constant temperature room (24-25°C).Physiological activities and biochemical components were measured for subsamples of Acetes sibogae australis at 2, 14, 26 and 50 hours after capture. Measurements for subsamples of Acartia australis were made at 6, 14, 26 and 49 hours after capture. Respiration and excretion of ammonia and phosphate were measured using a water bottle method. Twelve replicate bottles containing Acetes sibogae australis were incubated for 2.5-3.5 hours, while 8 replicates bottles containing Acartia australis were incubated for 3.5-4.5 hours. At the end of incubation, separate water samples were siphoned off dissolved oxygen analysis and for ammonia and phosphate analyses.Animals from the incubation bottles were filtered onto GF/C filters and frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer until analysed within 24 hours. Half of the filters from each experiment were homogenized in trichloroacetic acid for extraction of adenine nucleotides. ATP was determined by the luciferase-luminescence method, and ADP and AMP by the same method after enzymatic conversion to ATP. The remaining GF/C filters were homogenized in ETS-B solution, and these extracts were used to determine electron transport system (ETS) activity and the concentrations of protein and RNA. Laboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the decline in physiological activities, including respiration and excretion rates, of two species of marine zooplankton after capture. The results were used to assess whether capture stress or shortage of food contributed to declines. These experiments were a component of the project "The effect of laboratory conditions on the extrapolation of experimental measurements to the ecology of marine zooplankton".