A total of 13 water samples were collected in the coastal waters surrounding the Houtman Abrolhos Islands. These samples were then sent to a chemical lab for further testing, specifically for their nutrient, chlorophyll and hydrocarbon parameters. Specific locations and target depths were reached using a 2L Niskin bottle. The purpose of these samples were to obtain an accurate and representative baseline data set of the Abrolhos Islands.

Sediment cores were collected from the East Antarctic margin, aboard the Australian Marine National Facility R/V Investigator, during the IN2017_V01 voyage from January 14th to March 5th 2017 (Armand et al., 2018). This marine geoscience expedition, named the “Sabrina Sea Floor Survey”, focused notably on studying the interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles. The cores were collected using a multi-corer (MC), were sliced every centimetre, wrapped up in plastic bags, and stored in the fridge. Back at the home laboratory (IMAS, UTAS, Hobart, Australia), sediment samples were dried in an oven at 40°C. Three hundred mg of dry sediment was then homogenised and vortexed for 10-sec with 12 mL of a reductive solution of 0.005M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HH) / 1.5% Acetic Acid (AA) / 0.001M Na-EDTA / 0.033M NaOH, at pH 4 (Huang et al., 2021). The leach mixture was then centrifuged, and 6 mL of the supernatant solution was collected into a Teflon vial. This solution was taken to dryness, oxidized with 1 mL HNO3 + 100 µL H2O2, and redissolved in 4 mL of 7.5M HNO3. A 0.5 mL aliquot was separated from the 4 mL solution for trace metal analysis by Sector Field Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) at the Central Science Laboratory (UTAS, Hobart, Australia). Indium was added as internal standard (In, 100 ppb). 88Sr, 89Y, 95Mo, 107Ag, 109Ag, 111Cd, 133Cs, 137Ba, 146Nd, 169Tm, 171Yb, 185Re, 187Re, 205Tl, 208Pb, 232Th, 238U, 23Na, 24Mg, 27Al, 31P, 32S, 42Ca, 47Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu and 66Zn were analysed using multiple spectral resolutions. Element quantification was performed via external calibration using multi-element calibration solutions (MISA suite, QCD Analysts, Spring Lake, NJ, USA). Raw intensities were blank and dilution corrected. References Armand, L. K., O’Brien, P. E., Armbrecht, L., Baker, H., Caburlotto, A., Connell, T., … Young, A. (2018). Interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles (IN2017-V01): Post-survey report. ANU Research Publications, (March). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/13/5acea64c48693 Huang, H., Gutjahr, M., Kuhn, G., Hathorne, E. C., and Eisenhauer, A. (2021). Efficient Extraction of Past Seawater Pb and Nd Isotope Signatures From Southern Ocean Sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22(3), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009287

Wistari Reef is a lagoonal platform reef, situated on the Tropic of Capricorn, within the Capricorn and Bunker region of the southern Great Barrier Reef. Three sediment surface samples were taken from the lagoon area for X-Ray Diffraction Analysis. This was used to compare the relative percentages of aragonite and calcite in the sample. The results tend to indicate that the proportion of aragonite varies across the sanded reef flats, with decreasing aragonite as you move from the windward margin (70%) towards the leeward margin (43%).

Sediment cores were collected from the East Antarctic margin, aboard the Australian Marine National Facility R/V Investigator from January 14th to March 5th 2017 (IN2017_V01; Armand et al., 2018). This marine geoscience expedition, named the “Sabrina Sea Floor Survey”, focused notably on studying the interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles. The cores were collected using a multi-corer (MC) and a Kasten corer (KC). The MC were sliced every centimetre, wrapped up in plastic bags, and stored in the fridge. The KC was sub-sampled using an u-channel; and sliced every centimetre once back the home laboratory (IMAS, UTAS, Hobart, Australia). This dataset presents concentrations of major and trace elements measured in bulk multi-cores sediment samples collected during the IN2017_V01 voyage. The data include the sampling date (day/month/year), the latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees), the seafloor depth (in meter), the sediment core ID, the sediment depth (in cm), and the concentrations (in ppm or μg/g) of a suite of elements. This dataset presents concentrations of major and trace elements measured in bulk sediment samples collected during the IN2017_V01 voyage. The data include the sampling date (day/month/year), the latitude and longitude (in decimal degrees), the seafloor depth (in meter), the sediment core ID (KC14), the sediment depth (in cm), and the concentrations (in ppm or μg/g) of a suite of elements. About 200 mg of dried and ground sediment were weighed into a clean Teflon vial and oxidized with a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and 30% H2O2 (1:1). Samples were then digested in open vials using an acid mixture comprising 10 mL HNO3, 4 mL HCl, and 2 mL HF, at 180°C until close to dryness. Digested residues were converted to nitric form before being oxidised with a mixture of 1 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HClO4 at 220°C until fully desiccated. Samples were finally re-dissolved in 4 mL 7.5 M HNO3. A 400 μL aliquot was removed from the 4 mL digest solution and diluted ~2500 times in 2% HNO3 for trace metals analysis by Sector Field Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) at the Central Science Laboratory (UTAS, Hobart, Australia). Indium was added as internal standard (In, 100 ppb). 88Sr, 89Y, 95Mo, 107Ag, 109Ag, 111Cd, 133Cs, 137Ba, 146Nd, 169Tm, 171Yb, 185Re, 187Re, 205Tl, 208Pb, 232Th, 238U, 23Na, 24Mg, 27Al, 31P, 32S, 42Ca, 47Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu and 66Zn were analysed using multiple spectral resolutions. Element quantification was performed via external calibration using multi-element calibration solutions (MISA suite, QCD Analysts, Spring Lake, NJ, USA). Raw intensities were blank and dilution corrected. References L.K. Armand, P.E. O’Brien and On-board Scientific Party. 2018. Interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles (IN2017-V01): Post-survey report, Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University: Canberra.

The collection consists of seabed samples collected by Geoscience Australia and other organizations since the 1950s. Samples consist of various shallow cores types, rocks derived from dredging, and sea bed sediments collected by grab and dredge methods. A large proportion of samples are refrigerated.

The collection consists of seabed samples collected by Geoscience Australia and other organizations since the 1950s. Samples consist of various shallow cores types, rocks derived from dredging, and sea bed sediments collected by grab and dredge methods. A large proportion of samples are refrigerated.

The collection consists of seabed samples collected by Geoscience Australia and other organizations since the 1950s. Samples consist of various shallow cores types, rocks derived from dredging, and sea bed sediments collected by grab and dredge methods. A large proportion of samples are refrigerated.

The collection consists of seabed samples collected by Geoscience Australia and other organizations since the 1950s. Samples consist of various shallow cores types, rocks derived from dredging, and sea bed sediments collected by grab and dredge methods. A large proportion of samples are refrigerated.

Sediment cores were collected from the East Antarctic margin, aboard the Australian Marine National Facility R/V Investigator from January 14th to March 5th 2017 (IN2017_V01; (Armand et al., 2018). This marine geoscience expedition, named the “Sabrina Sea Floor Survey”, focused notably on studying the interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles. The cores were collected using a multi-corer (MC), were sliced every centimetre, wrapped up in plastic bags, and stored in the fridge. Back at the home laboratory (IMAS, UTAS, Hobart, Australia), sediment samples were dried in an oven at 40°C. Three hundred mg of dry sediment was then homogenised and vortexed for 10-sec with 12 mL of a reductive solution of 0.005M hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HH) / 1.5% Acetic Acid (AA) / 0.001M Na-EDTA / 0.033M NaOH, at pH 4 (Huang et al., 2021). The sediment was then leached a second time (to ensure the removal of all oxides and excess minerals, i.e. to isolate the detrital fraction) with 15 mL of 0.02M HH, 25% AA solution and agitated using a rotisserie (20 rpm) overnight (Wilson et al., 2018). Samples were then centrifuged, rinsed with Milli-Q water 3 times, and dried in an oven at 50°C. About 50 mg of resulting dry (detrital) sediment was ground, weighed into a Teflon vial, and digested with a strong acid mixture. First, the sediment was oxidized with a mixture of concentrated HNO3 and 30% H2O2 (1:1). Samples were then digested in open vials using 10 mL HNO3, 4 mL HCl, and 2 mL HF, at 180°C until close to dryness. Digested residues were converted to nitric form before being oxidised with a mixture of 1 mL HNO3 and 1 mL HClO4 at 220°C until fully desiccated. Samples were finally re-dissolved in 4 mL 7.5 M HNO3. A 400 μL aliquot was removed from the 4 mL digest solution and diluted ~2500 times in 2% HNO3 for trace metals analysis by Sector Field Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (SF-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) at the Central Science Laboratory (UTAS, Hobart, Australia). Indium was added as internal standard (In, 100 ppb). 88Sr, 89Y, 95Mo, 107Ag, 109Ag, 111Cd, 133Cs, 137Ba, 146Nd, 169Tm, 171Yb, 185Re, 187Re, 205Tl, 208Pb, 232Th, 238U, 23Na, 24Mg, 27Al, 31P, 32S, 42Ca, 47Ti, 51V, 52Cr, 55Mn, 56Fe, 59Co, 60Ni, 63Cu and 66Zn were analysed using multiple spectral resolutions. Element quantification was performed via external calibration using multi-element calibration solutions (MISA suite, QCD Analysts, Spring Lake, NJ, USA). Raw intensities were blank and dilution corrected. References Armand, L. K., O’Brien, P. E., Armbrecht, L., Baker, H., Caburlotto, A., Connell, T., … Young, A. (2018). Interactions of the Totten Glacier with the Southern Ocean through multiple glacial cycles (IN2017-V01): Post-survey report. ANU Research Publications Huang, H., Gutjahr, M., Kuhn, G., Hathorne, E. C., and Eisenhauer, A. (2021). Efficient Extraction of Past Seawater Pb and Nd Isotope Signatures From Southern Ocean Sediments. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22(3), 1–22. Wilson, D. J., Bertram, R. A., Needham, E. F., van de Flierdt, T., Welsh, K. J., McKay, R. M., … Escutia, C. (2018). Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during late Pleistocene interglacials. Nature, 561(7723), 383.

Wistari Reef is a lagoonal platform reef, situated on the Tropic of Capricorn, within the Capricorn and Bunker region of the southern Great Barrier Reef. Three sediment surface samples were taken from the lagoon area for X-Ray Diffraction Analysis. This was used to compare the relative percentages of aragonite and calcite in the sample. All three samples contained more aragonite.