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Oceanography Projects: Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Oceanic conditions are a critical factor in the earth's climate system. They directly influence fisheries and most aquaculture endeavours, while knowledge of them is essential for such diverse applications as coastal construction, maritime safety, marine pollution response and sustainable management of the marine environment. Oceanographic Services comprise some of the most recent additions to the suite of services provided by the Bureau of Meteorology. Since taking responsibility for operating the national centre for tidal expertise (the National Tidal Centre or NTC) in 2004, operational oceanographic services in the Bureau have grown rapidly. With the introduction of the routine provision of several new products from the BLUElink ocean prediction system, Oceanographic Services now encompass a substantial set of informative products which support the safer and more intelligent use of the ocean by users who undertake a wide range of activities on or near Australia's great oceanic environments. BLUElink is a multi-million dollar initiative by the Bureau, the CSIRO and the Royal Australian Navy to provide the nation with a major step forward in our ongoing understanding of the behaviour of the vast coastal and ocean areas in our neighbourhood, and for our ability to operate in those environments more safely, more effectively and for a more sustainable future. The Bureau has been providing tidal services, including predictions, tsunami services, ocean surface wave predictions, and a range of products concerning ocean temperature including sea surface temperature (SST) analyses and temperature-depth analyses, for some time. The new products from the BLUElink system now provide both analyses and daily forecasts out to 7 days, for a range of surface oceanographic variables, including SST, surface currents, surface salinity, and sea level elevation anomaly. These products support improvement to regional climate forecasts, ship routing to achieve greater fuel savings, improvement to maritime rescue and safety capabilities, and the identification of changes in coastal water temperatures, salinity and currents that directly influence reefs, aquaculture and all forms of marine life. Oceanographic Services encompasses a wide range of National and International Projects associated with the Bureau of Meteorology. These include the Australian Baseline Sea Level Monitoring Project, BLUElink Ocean Forecasting Australia, the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre (JATWC), and the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. To learn more about these projects and view their online data, click on the links below.
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The North West Cape oceanography study
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This study was initiated to observe physical and biological processes on a range of time scales (seasonal to hourly) within the shelf and slope domain spanning Ningaloo Reef, the entrance to Exmouth Gulf and north as far as Thevenard Island off Onslow. The study was interdisciplinary and involved physical oceanographic, ocean colour/primary productivity and fisheries dispersal studies. Only the physical oceanographic sampling by AIMS is outlined here. Instrumentation was provided by other organisations in order to allow a suitable sampling array.
NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) Single-beam Bathymetry and Coastal Topography Surveys
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Data products from elevation/bathymetry surveys carried out by the New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH). Surveys were conducted in and around NSW Coastal and State Waters, using 1) single-beam echosounder, 2) terrestrial laser scanner and/or 3) pole-mounted Leica positioning unit (beach cross section) for the state?s coastal surveying program. The program is ongoing and provides highly accurate and precise, fine-scale elevation data for NSW nearshore, estuaries and beaches. Single-beam and beach cross-section surveys are most often provided as 5m binned along track transect data whereas laser scanner data are usually better than 5m binned grids for use in GIS applications. Data are often combined and issued as PDF survey maps relative to Local or Australian Height Datum. Generally, survey and data processing details are included as txt format files or more recently (>2011) in a "scientific rigour" statement. A shape file is also provided showing the geographic coverage of the survey (ESRI shapefile and Google KMZ formats).
IMOS - Ocean Radar - Nora Creina HF ocean radar station (Bonney Coast, South Australia, Australia)
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The Nora Creina (NOCR) HF ocean radar site (37.329 S 139.850 E) is one of two HF ocean radars covering the Bonney Coast, South Australia. The other HF ocean radar station is at Blackfellows Cave. The HF ocean radar coverage is from the coast to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. The NOCR HF ocean radar is a SeaSonde crossed-loop direction finding array. This radar operates at a frequency of 5.211 MHz, with a bandwidth of 50 KHz, a maximum range of 200 Km and a range resolution of 3 Km. The antenna bearing is 255 deg true east of north (approximately west by south-west). Within the HF radar coverage area surface current radials are measured. This station was decommissioned in March 2017.
Historical aerial photographs of Australia's coastline
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Hard-copy black & white / colour aerial photographs were obtained by Hugh Kirkman from a variety of sources for many locations along Australia's coastline. There are 24 boxes of photographs containing 100's of historical photographs.
IMOS - Ocean Radar - North Nambucca HF ocean radar station (Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia)
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The North Nambucca (NNB) HF ocean radar site (32.031 S, 115.746 E) is one of two HF ocean radars covering the waters off Coffs Harbour, New South Wales. The other HF ocean radar station is at Red Rock. The NNB HF ocean radar is a WERA phased array system with a 16-element receive array. This radar operates at a frequency of 13.912 MHz, with a bandwidth of 100 KHz, a maximum range of 100 Km and a range resolution of 1.5 Km. Azimuthally the radar covers a sweep 60 deg either side of a bore sight direction of 285 deg true east of north (approximately west by north-west). Within the HF radar coverage area surface current radials are measured. Data are also collected from which wind directions and significant wave height can be calculated.
Subantarctic zone oceanography - SAZ Project 1997-1998 - Oceanography Data
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The circumpolar Subantarctic Zone (SAZ) is a globally significant region of water mass formation and carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere. Here we synthesise the results of nine voyages over 8 years to describe the seasonal variation in mixed layer properties in the SAZ south of Australia for comparison with biogeochemical process studies carried out in late summer (March 1998) as part of the SAZ Project. Winter mixing extends to depths greater than 400 m, resulting in the formation of Subantarctic Mode Water. In summer the mixed layer shoals to 75-100 m, depths which are still sufficiently deep that phytoplankton growth may be light limited. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations are reduced in summer( e.g., nitrate decreases from greater than 15 to less than 5/ micro mol kg- 1) but remain well above limiting levels. Silicate in contrast, is low throughout the year (4/micro mol kg- 1 in winter and less than 2 / micro mol kg- 1 in summer). Water mass properties along a north-south hydrographic section in March 1998 suggest that near-surface waters spread from south to north across the Subantarctic Front (SAF), supplying cool, fresh, nutrient-rich water to the SAZ. As a consequence, the properties of the southern SAZ differ from those farther north: the mixed layer in the south is cooler, fresher, deeper, higher in nutrients, and bounded below by a halocline (rather than by a seasonal thermocline, as in the northern SAZ). The contrast between the northern and southern SAZ persists throughout the year, suggesting the cross-front exchange occurs year-round and likely contributes to the differences in seasonal thermal amplitude and algal biomass accumulation seen in satellite images. Density-compensated horizontal gradients of temperature and salinity are common in the mixed layer of the SAZ and the northern SAF, consistent with the hypothesis that the vigour of lateral mixing in the mixed layer is a strong function of the magnitude of the lateral density gradient. CTD Data are available for access via the provided URL. Data from the following voyages of the Aurora Australis were used: 1991-1992 Voyage 1 1992-1993 Voyage 9 1994-1995 Voyage 4 1994-1995 Voyage 7 1995-1996 Voyage 1 1996-1997 Voyage 1 1997-1998 Voyage 6
IMOS - Ocean Radar - Guilderton HF ocean radar station (Rottnest Shelf, Western Australia, Australia)
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The Guilderton (GUI) HF ocean radar site (31.342 S, 115.489 E) is one of two HF ocean radars covering Rottnest Shelf and Perth Canyon off the coast north of Perth. The other HF ocean radar station is at Fremantle. The HF ocean radar coverage is from the coast to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. The GUI HF ocean radar is a WERA phased array system with a 16-element receive array. This radar operates at a frequency of 8.512 MHz, with a bandwidth of 33 KHz, a maximum range of 200 Km and a range resolution of 4.5 Km. Azimuthally the radar covers a sweep 60 deg either side of a bore sight direction of 230 deg true east of north (approximately south-west). Within the HF radar coverage area surface current radials are measured. Data are also collected from which wind directions and significant wave height can be calculated.
IMOS - Ocean Radar - Fremantle HF ocean radar station (Rottnest Shelf, Western Australia, Australia)
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The Fremantle (FRE) HF ocean radar site (32.031 S, 115.746 E) is one of two HF ocean radars covering Rottnest Shelf and Perth Canyon off the coast north of Perth. The other HF ocean radar station is at Guilderton. The HF ocean radar coverage is from the coast to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. The FRE HF ocean radar is a WERA phased array system with a 16-element receive array. This radar operates at a frequency of 8.512 MHz, with a bandwidth of 33 KHz, a maximum range of 200 Km and a range resolution of 4.5 Km. Azimuthally the radar covers a sweep 60 deg either side of a bore sight direction of 285 deg true east of north (approximately west by north-west). Within the HF radar coverage area surface current radials are measured. Data are also collected from which wind directions and significant wave height can be calculated.
Subantarctic zone oceanography - SAZ Project 1997-1998
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Data were collected during the 1997-1998 austral summer on voyages by the Aurora Australis and Southern Surveyor. Taken from the abstract of the referenced paper: Oceanographic processes in the subantarctic region contribute crucially to the physical and biogeochemical aspects of the global climate system. To explore and quantify these contributions, the Antarctic Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) organised the SAZ Project, a multidisciplinary, multiship investigation carried out south of Australia in the austral summer of 1997-1998. Here we present a brief overview of the SAZ Project and some of its major results, as detailed in the 16 papers that follow in this special section. The Southern Ocean plays an important role in the global oceanic overturning circulation and its influence on the carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere. Deep waters upwelled to the surface are rich in nutrients and carbon dioxide. Air-sea interaction modifies the upwelled deep waters to form bottom, intermediate, and mode waters, which transport freshwater, oxygen, and carbon dioxide into the ocean interior. The overall effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide is a balance between outgassing from upwelled deep waters and uptake via both dissolution in newly formed waters (sometimes referred to as the solubility pump) and the transport of photosynthetically formed organic carbon to depth in settling particles (referred to as the biological pump). Determining the variations in the overturning circulation and the associated carbon fluxes in the past and their response to increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide in the future is essential to a full understanding of the controls on global climate. At present the upwelled nutrients are incompletely used. Low light in deep wind-mixed surface layers, lack of the micronutrient iron, and other factors restrict phtyoplankton production so that Southern Ocean surface waters represent the largest high-nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) region in the world.
AuSEABED
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The auSEABED was created by Dr. Chris Jenkins, a former staff member of School of Geoscience, to describe the materials of the Australian Maritime Region - in all, an area comprising 1/12 of the earth's globe. Because of Australia's relatively small population base and inadequate funding for at-sea science, maximum use of existing data had to be made to achieve a workable mapping. This motivated research into the use of datasets that were diverse in their methods, navigation, technologies, aims, standards, formats - and whether numeric or linguistic. The research resulted in a data mining system designed especially for the seabed. These web pages describe the digital GIS coverages that are now available for the seabed materials of the Australian maritime areas.