A study of the population genetics of the prawn Penaeus monodon in northern and eastern Australian waters. Variations in gene frequencies of allozymes and common proteins (GPI,LGG,LT-1,MDH-1,MDH-2,MPI,PGDH,PGM) were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations which range through locations in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales. Statistical analyses and clustering procedures were carried out.Collection of samples were from 7 locations throughout the species range in Australia: Clarence River, Townsville, Cairns, Weipa, Melville Island, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, De Grey River.A later study was conducted on South Afican samples, see separate metadata record. To estimate connectivity and dispersal between Penaeus monodon populations in northern and eastern Australia. First systematic survey of genetic variation of P. monodon populations over a wide geographic range. Highly significant differences between western and the northern and eastern populations were demonstrated.

A study of the population genetics of the starfish Linckia laevigata throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Seven allozyme loci (GPI, ENO, HK, LP, LT-1, LT-2, SOD) were examined. Variations in gene frequencies of allozymes and common proteins, as well as mitochondrial D-loop DNA (the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP) were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations in the region. Genetic differentiation of populations within and among oceans.To determine whether colour morphs were genetically differentiated. 1020 individuals were sampled from 2 sites from each of 10 collection locations (Escape, Evening, Davies, Grub, Lodestone, Holbourne, Tern, Sanctuary, 22112, Sykes) between July 1991 and March 1992.608 individuals were added to the previous set (analyses included all samples). These were collected from 18 localities: Australia (Western Australia - Mermaid, Clerke, Imperieuse, Scott and Serangapatum Reefs - Torres Strait, Burke Reef); Fiji (Dravuni, Suva); Guam (Asan, Luminao); Japan (Sesoko, Okinawa); New Caledonia; Philippines (Bolinao, Dumaguete); Solomon Islands (Gizo, Guadacanal).92 individuals were collected from Thailand (Kuta Beach, Phuket Marine Station, Waeo Island) and South Africa (7 reefs in the St. Lucia and Maputuland Marine Reserves); analyses included previously collected data. These samples were of the orange colour morph and were compared the previous data in which the royal blue morph is predominant.

A study of the population genetics of Zoanthid species in the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait. Variations in gene frequencies of allozymes and common proteins were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations, and to determine their phylogeny (discrete species identities). Zoanthus coppingeri was studied in greater detail.In 1992-1993, 1261 samples of Palythoa sp. were collected from 2 backreef sites at each of 19 reefs (at least 30 individuals per site) and one site at Hope Island (analysis suggested that all samples were Palythoa caesia). Seven enzymes (GPI, EST-D, MPI, MDH, ME, PGM, HK) were used in the analysis. BIOSYS-1 was used to calculate gene frequencies and genetic variablity.355 specimens were collected from 19 locations 1992-1994. 7 species were identified (Palythoa caesia, Protopalythoa mutuki, Pro. sp.2, Pro. sp.3, Sphenopus marsupialis, Zoanthus coppingeri and Z. vietnamensis) form the samples. Gene frequencies at 13 enzyme loci (ENO, EST-D, GP, HK,LGG-1, LGG-2, LP, LT-1, LT-2, MDH-1, MDH-2, ME, PGM) were analysed. UPGMA cluster analysis was carried out and a phylogenic tree constructed for assessing genetic variablity. A taxonomic key was created for Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait Zoanthidae, as well as a table of diagnostic features for 10 morphological groupings of Zoanthidae and one species (Parazoanthus dichroicus) of Parazoanthidae.During 1992-1993, 319 samples of intertidal Zoanthus coppingeri were collected from Kissing Point, Townsville and 2 sites each at Cockle Bay on Magnetic Island and Low Island (Low Isles). Six polymorphic enzymes (ENO, MDH, EST-D, HK, PGM, LGG) were used in the analysis at site level, subsite level and locality level. Values of genetic differentiation were calculated. To estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations, and to determine discrete species identities.To examine patterns of clonal structure within populations of Z. coppingeri. Collection locations: 11087, 11102, 21299, 21491, 21551, Border Island, Bowden, Cape Cleveland, Cockle Bay (Magnetic Island), Endeavour, Goods Island, Heron Island, Hope Island, Hyde, John Brewer, Kissing Point (Townsville), Low Isles, Mabuiag Island, Magnetic Island, Myrmidon, Orpheus Island, Pandora, Pelorus, Pith, Rib, Ross, Ruby, Stucco, Tuesday Island, Turtle, Wistari Reefs.

A study of the population genetics of giant clams of the genus Tridacna from the Great Barrier Reef and the West Pacific. Variations in gene frequencies of allozymes and common proteins were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations, and to determine the phylogeny of the genus (discrete species identities). Species studied were Hippopus hippopus, Hippopus porcellanus, Tridacna crocea, Tridacna derasa, Tridacna gigas, Tridacna maxima, Tridacna squamosa and Tridacna tevora. Not all loci were examined for all species.Allele frequencies at 6 polymorphic loci of 860 individual clams sampled from 19 populations of Tridacna maxima throughout the Pacific between November 1989 and October 1991 were examined. Collection locations were: Myrmidon, Davies, Michaelmas, Thetford, 13125, 21200, 20396 and Stapleton Reefs on the Great Barrier Reef; Marovo and Nggela in the Solomon Islands; Mili in the Marshall Islands; Bantayan and Tawi-tawi in the Philippines; Te puka in Tuvalu; Abiang and Abemana in Kiribati; Makogai and Makodragi in Fiji; and Aitutaki in the Cook Islands. Loci were: LDH-1, MDH-2, PGM-2, DIA, LGG-1, GSR.Seven polymorphic loci (GPI, MDH-1, PGM, DIAPH, AK, LGG-1, LGG-2) from 159 individuals of T. gigas were sampled from 7 populations thoughout the West Pacific (Marovo, Russell, Isabel and Nggela in the Solomon Islands; Silliman in the Philippines; Abemana in Kiribati; and Mili in the Marshall Islands) and compared to data previously obtained in 1990 from 393 individuals from 6 populations (Myrmidon, Grub, Michaelmas, Thetford, 13125 and Stapleton Reefs) from the Great Barrier Reef.28-40 individuals from 14 populations of Tridacna derasa were sampled from sites on the Great Barrier Reef (2 sites from each of Myrmidon, Bowl, 13125, 21200, 20396; and one site from Michaelmas and Escape Reefs), and from one site each in the Philippines (Scarborough Shoals) and Fiji (Makogai). Gene frequencies at 9 polymorphic loci (GPI, LDH-1, MDH-1, MDH-2, PGM, DIAPH, LGG-1, ENOL, GSR)were examined.Gene frequencies at 26 loci for 8 species of giant clam were examined. Samples were obtained between November 1989 and October 1991. Source and number of individuals sampled was: Hippopus porcellanus (Philippines, 3); Hippopus hippopus (3 -Great Barrier Reef); Tridacna squamosa (8 - GBR, Fiji, Solomon Islands); Tridacna crocea (6 - GBR, Solomon Islands); Tridacna maxima (9 - GBR, Solomon Islands, Cook Islands); Tridacna gigas (9 - GBR, Solomon Islands, Kiribati); Tridacna derasa (9 - GBR, Fiji, Palau); Tridacna tevora (1- Fiji). Polymorphic loci examined were: AAT-1, AK-1, AK-2, DIA-1, ENO-1, EST-1, GPI-1, GSR-1, IDH-1, LDH-1, LDH-2, LGG-1, LGG-2, LP-1, LP-2, LP-3, MDH-1, MDH-2, ME-1, MPI-1, NDH-1, NDH-2, PGK-1, PGM-1, PGM-2. To estimate connectivity and dispersal between Tridacna populations, and to determine the discrete species identities.

A study of the population genetics of the prawn Penaeus monodon in northern and eastern Australian waters. Mitochondrial D-loop DNA (and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP) were used to estimate connectivity and dispersal between populations which range through locations in Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales. Statistical analyses and clustering procedures were carried out.Collection of samples were from 6 locations throughout the species range in Australia: Townsville, Cairns, Weipa, Melville Island, Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, De Grey River.Some comparison was made with Indonesian and South African samples, see separate metadata record.Microsatellite markers were used in a further study of genetic variation among the Australian populations above. To estimate connectivity and dispersal between Penaeus monodon populations in northern and eastern Australia.To compare results with genetic analyses using allozymes. Separate metadata records apply for data relating to the genetic analyses using allozymes of Penaeus monodon from Australian waters and South Africa.

Allozyme variation was used to examine population genetic structure of adult chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, collected between 1988 and 1993 from 22 spawning locations in Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. Thirty-five loci and two pairs of isoloci were variable, and of these, 25 loci and one pair of isoloci expressed the most abundant allele with a frequency of less than or equal to 0.95 in at least one collection. Aneighbor-joining (NJ) tree of genetic distances defined five regional groups: (1) King Salmon River (the only island collection), which has large allelic frequency differences from other populations in this study; (2) heterogeneous coastal populations from southern southeast Alaska; (3) transmountain collections from the Taku and Stikine Rivers on the eastern side of the coastal mountain range; (4) Chilkat River in northern Southeast Alaska; and (5) northern coastal Southeast Alaska, which consists of the Situk River and the Klukshu River, a tributary of the Alsek River. A second NJ tree that included collections from the Yukon River and British Columbia did not reveal any strong genetic similarity between Southeast Alaska and the Yukon River. The data suggest that Southeast Alaska may have been colonized from both northern and southern refugia following the last glaciation b?? a period of sufficient time to allow for isolation by distance to occur.

Within-region genetic heterogeneity of Holothuria scabra populations in New Caledonia was examined through allozyme electrophoresis. Five locations, each separated by 60-130 km, were selected along the coast of New Caledonia and 2 replicate sites (8-23 km apart) were chosen within 4 of these locations on the west coast of the island. Only one site was selected on the northeast coast. Between 14 and 34 adult Holothuria scabra were collected from each site. A short section of the upper intestine (5-10 cm), without sediments, was dissected from each animal and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysed. Holothuria scabra samples from Bali (n=90) and Knocker Bay, Australia (n=47), and existing data from the western Pacific: Solomon Islands; Torres Strait; and the Queensland Coast (Upstart Bay and Hervey Bay) were compared with the data from New Caledonia to investigate larval connectivity over a wider geographic scale. Seven polymorphic enzyme loci were surveyed using allozyme electrophoresis: GPI, HK, MDH, PEP-1, PEP-2, PEP-3 and PGM. Basic analyses of genetic variability (allele frequencies, number of polymorphic loci, heterozygosity) were carried out. The allelic richness for each population was calculated. F statistics were calculated and genetic distance analyses, cluster analyses and Mantel tests were performed. This research was undertaken to improve understanding of the genetic differentiation between stocks of Holothuria scabra at different spatial scales so that the release of cultured juveniles in restocking programs can be planned in a responsible way to preserve the genetic diversity of existing stocks. Sampling sites in New Caledonia: A=Baie de Sainte-Marie; B= Ilot Maître; C=Ouano; D=Ilots Kundogi; E=Plateau de Béco; F=Pointe Pindaï; G=Pouangué; H=Ouaco; I=Récif Thaavaam (Ilot Cocotier).

Genetic variation was studied at 7 polymorphic allozyme loci in 15 Holothuria nobilis (now referred to as H. whitmaei) populations on the Great Barrier Reef. The 7 polymorphic enzyme loci surveyed using allozyme electrophoresis were: FL-EST, GPI, HK, MDH, MPI, PGM, TPI. Full details of staining and electrophoresis methods are given in:Ballment E, Uthicke S, Peplow L, Benzie JAH (1997) Techniques for enzyme electrophoretic analysis of the holothurians Holothuria atra and Stichopus chloronotus (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Aust Inst Mar Sci (AIMS) Tech Rep Ser 27:1-47Basic analyses of genetic variability were carried out using programs in the BIOSYS-1. F-statistics, cluster analyses and tests of conformation to Hardy-Weinberg expectations were performed using the TFPGA package. To infer the level of dispersal among populations of Holothuria nobilis separated by up to 1300 km along the Great Barrier Reef by investigating gene flow.To test whether asexual reproduction is a feature of this species. Reef locations: 13-050, 21-149, 21-151, Big Broadhurst, Davie, Davies Reef, East Cay, Hicks, Little Broadhurst, Michaelmas, Opal, Ribbon No.10, Stucco, Turner, White Tip.