This report is an updated version of an Open File report (Walton, 1996) describing the geology and geochemistry of gemstone deposits and applicable exploration criteria.The 1996 report, and this update, are both aimed at exploration geologists and prospectors who are unfamiliar with the geology of gemstone deposits and how to explore for them. Its objective is to provide information on gemstone deposit geology and provide general guidelines for the identification of, and exploration for, gemstone occurrences. The report focuses on a selection of some of the most valuable gemstones in the global gem trade: ruby, sapphire, emerald, chrysoberyl, tsavorite garnet, tanzanite and the gem minerals (topaz, aquamarine, tourmaline) found in permatites or rhyolites. Exploration criteria for other gemstones such as opal, nephrite jade, jadeite jade, zircon, lapis lazuli and rhondonite are beyond the scope of this report. For each gem mineral covered in this report, background information is introduced and the physical and chemical characteristics of the gem are presented. The geology and genesis of each gem deposit type is summarized and exploration guidelines are listed. One of the difficulties in developing exploration guidelines is that many of the world's gem deposits are unique. It is difficult to determine the range of variations and physico-chemical conditions under which a particular type of gemstone deposit may form, if there is only one deposit to study.

Group 1: Consists of Yukon industrial mineral and minor metals with proven resource which could be developed, given a change in favourble market conditions: Industrial: barite, Minor: antimony, platinum group elements. Group 2: Consists of industrial minerals and minor metals known to occur in the Yukon for which there is a reasonalbe chance of discovering economic deposits: Industrial:asbestos, barite, cassiterite, chromite, clay minerals, feldspathic minerals, fluorspar, garnet, gemstones, graphite, gypsom, limestone, magnesitemanganese oxides, magnetite, mica, nepheline syenite, olivine, peat, phosphate minerals, rare earth elements, silica and quartz, strontium, sulphur, talc, titanium dioxides, zircon. Minor: bismuth, cadmium, chromite, cobalt, niobium, germanium, mercury, molvbdenum, rhenium, selenium, tellurium, tungsten, thorium, vanadium. Group 3: Based on favourable geology, includes industrial minerals and minor metals which, though presently not documented in the Yukon, could be expected to occur in economic deposits: Industrial: abrasives, bentonite, clay minerals, diatomite, gemstone, sillimanite, andalusite, perlite, pumice, tephra, Minor: beryllium, gallium, indium, lithium, scandium. Group 4: Includes industrial minerals and minor metals which have good world market forecasts and/or would be sufficiently cost competitive to encourage exploration: Industrial: dimension stone, celestite, clay minerals, gemstones, graphite, industrial diamond, magnesite, mica, peat, phosphate, rare earth elements, titanium minerals, zircon. Minor: antimony, beryllium, bismuth, niobium, germanium, platinum, and all 'minor metals' recovered as by-products from base and/or precious metal mines. Group 5: Includes industrial minerals which are known to occur in the Yukon, but for which systematic field evaluation is required to document their occurrence, depositional environment, physical and chemical characteristics and reserve potential, in order to determine their development potential: Industrial: dimension stone, limestone, structural clays, peat, sand, and gravel deposits.

not_specified

Quantitative mineralogy, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and monazite, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of muscovite and sericite, and Pb isotopes from galena in veins and feldspar in plutons provide insight into the age of metamorphism, mineralization, intrusion emplacement and the sources of metals at the Plateau South (MINFILE 105N 034, 035, 036) occurrences in central Yukon. Orogenic mineralization and metamorphism is ca. 110 Ma to 100 Ma, and possibly as old as ca. 130 Ma. Following deformation and regional metamorphism, two biotite-muscovite plutons, the Russell stock and Armstrong pluton, were emplaced at 95.39 ± 0.03 Ma and 95.51 ± 0.03 Ma, respectively. These plutons are here reassigned to the Tungsten suite based on mineralogy, chemistry and age. Coeval with these plutons are contact metamorphism and possibly intrusion-related mineralization. Lead isotopic data from galena cluster into two groups: Group 1 is enriched in thorogenic Pb with 206Pb/204Pb values between 18.31 and 18.14, 207Pb/204Pb between 15.62 and 15.55 and 208Pb/204Pb between 38.77 and 38.30. Group 2 is isotopically evolved with 206Pb/204Pb values between 19.13 nd 18.91, 207Pb/204Pb between 15.78 and 15.63 and 208Pb/204Pb between 39.24 and 39.07. We suggest that late Early Cretaceous mineralization is related to large-scale orogenic fluids that tapped primitive (deep?) metal sources and early Late Cretaceous mineralization, coeval with local intrusions, sourced isotopically distinct metals from the intrusions. Alternatively, all mineralization could relate to Early Cretaceous orogenic fluids but with heterogeneous, locally derived metal sources and thermal resetting of Ar ages near the intrusions.

The purpose of this dataset is to provide quantitative analysis on specific commodities, offering insights into: - The total amount of specific commodities, e.g., Gold, in Yukon's hard rock deposits. - The highest-grade and largest deposits in Yukon. - The distribution of mineral resources within multiple zones in a deposit. - Source reports, direct links, and confidence levels for each mineral resource statement. - Differentiation between 43-101, JORC, and historical estimates. The resources in this dataset have been summarized and averaged to show the total geologic resource for a property or zone. For the exact numbers, please refer to the NI 43-101 compliant resource statement. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Field\ | Description\ | | \ | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Property\ | Property for which deposit | | \ | resource was calculated.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Zone\ | Zone for which deposit resource | | \ | was calculated.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 43-101 Compliant\ | If the resource calculation is NI | | \ | 43-101 compliant, JORC compliant, | | | or historic.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Commodities\ | The types of commodities | | \ | contained in the resource | | | calculation, order is | | | alphabetic.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Categories\ | The resource categories used to | | \ | create the calculation. This | | | indicates the level of certainty | | | of the calculation.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Resource / Reserve\ | If the resource calculation is | | \ | considered to be a reserve or | | | resource. A reserve factors | | | economic factors an | | | extractability of the deposit | | | into account.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Tonnage\ | The total tonnage of the deposit\ | | \ | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_AU_GT\ | The average grade of gold in the | | \ | deposit, in grams per metric | | | tonne.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_AU_OZ\ | The total contained gold, in troy | | \ | ounces.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_AG_GT\ | The average grade of silver in | | \ | the deposit, in grams per metric | | | tonne.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_AG_OZ\ | The total contained silver, in | | \ | troy ounces.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_CU_PCT\ | The average grade of copper in | | \ | the deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_CU_LBS\ | The total contained gold, in | | \ | pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_MO_PCT\ | The average grade of molybdenum | | \ | in the deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_MO_LBS\ | The total contained molybdenum, | | \ | in pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_PB_PCT\ | The average grade of lead in the | | \ | deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_PB_LBS\ | The total contained lead, in | | \ | pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_ZN_PCT\ | The average grade of zinc in the | | \ | deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ |

not_specified

One third of the gold and gold-silver deposits in Yukon were examined and sampled in 1980 to establish a framework of geology and rock chemistry from which variations within and between deposits could be detected and evaluated. Lithologic units within the samples were analyzed for Au, Ag, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, W, Hg, Mo and Cd - elements commonly associated with precious metal deposits. A problem which prevented systematic sampling of many deposits is the lack of underground access and the locally intense oxidation of vein outcrops. Three aspects of the rock geochemistry are discussed:: 1) different levels of element concentration in the deposits and implications regarding pathfinder elements; 2) distribution of elements in deposit types; and 3) element distribution in specific deposits. The geology of the deposits is summarized from published works and interpreted in light of recent theories on gold deposits. This report emphasizes common features of the deposits and several genetic models.

This map is the product of collaboration between the Yukon Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada, under the Geo-mapping for energy and minerals (GEM) program.

not_specified

The purpose of this dataset is to provide quantitative analysis on specific commodities, offering insights into: - The total amount of specific commodities, e.g., Gold, in Yukon's hard rock deposits. - The highest-grade and largest deposits in Yukon. - The distribution of mineral resources within multiple zones in a deposit. - Source reports, direct links, and confidence levels for each mineral resource statement. - Differentiation between 43-101, JORC, and historical estimates. The resources in this dataset have been summarized and averaged to show the total geologic resource for a property or zone. For the exact numbers, please refer to the NI 43-101 compliant resource statement. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Field\ | Description\ | | \ | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Property\ | Property for which deposit | | \ | resource was calculated.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Zone\ | Zone for which deposit resource | | \ | was calculated.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | 43-101 Compliant\ | If the resource calculation is NI | | \ | 43-101 compliant, JORC compliant, | | | or historic.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Commodities\ | The types of commodities | | \ | contained in the resource | | | calculation, order is | | | alphabetic.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Categories\ | The resource categories used to | | \ | create the calculation. This | | | indicates the level of certainty | | | of the calculation.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Resource / Reserve\ | If the resource calculation is | | \ | considered to be a reserve or | | | resource. A reserve factors | | | economic factors an | | | extractability of the deposit | | | into account.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Tonnage\ | The total tonnage of the deposit\ | | \ | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_AU_GT\ | The average grade of gold in the | | \ | deposit, in grams per metric | | | tonne.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_AU_OZ\ | The total contained gold, in troy | | \ | ounces.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_AG_GT\ | The average grade of silver in | | \ | the deposit, in grams per metric | | | tonne.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_AG_OZ\ | The total contained silver, in | | \ | troy ounces.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_CU_PCT\ | The average grade of copper in | | \ | the deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_CU_LBS\ | The total contained gold, in | | \ | pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_MO_PCT\ | The average grade of molybdenum | | \ | in the deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_MO_LBS\ | The total contained molybdenum, | | \ | in pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_PB_PCT\ | The average grade of lead in the | | \ | deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | TOTAL_PB_LBS\ | The total contained lead, in | | \ | pounds.\ | | | \ | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AVG_ZN_PCT\ | The average grade of zinc in the | | \ | deposit, in percentage.\ | | | \ |