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Soil Geochemistry above Deeply Weathered Porphyry Deposits in Unglaciated Terrain, Dawson Range, Central Yukon
Much of west-central Yukon escaped glaciation and is underlain by leached and oxidized, deeply weathered bedrock. Background and anomalous metal values in these soils are presumed to be lower than normal and therefore increase the challenge of interpreting soil geochemical surveys. It is suspected that the geochemical contrast between background and anomalous values can be maximized by sampling a particular soil horizon or analysing a specific size fraction. One hundred and sixteen samples were collected from soil profiles at ten sites above four porphyry-style mineral deposits - Antoniuk, Revenue, Nucleus and Casino in the Dawson Range of the Yukon-Tanana Terrane. B-horizon soils are locally clay-rich, thin and poorly developed. C-horizon soils are unconsolidated and very coarse grained. Bedrock samples from each site were crushed and analysed for comparison. All samples were analysed using the Au plus 32 (FA-AA and ICP) package which is a popular and economical method currently employed in most exploration programs. The results are generally consistent within the few samples taken at each deposit, but vary considerably overall, and probably reflect the variable physio-chemical conditions between the deposits. Gold and copper are emphasized in the evaluation of the data, but gold data from the fine-grained fraction are incomplete due to insufficient material from the generally coarse-grained soils. Although statistical accuracy cannot be confirmed with such a small sample set, the following trends are recognized: - the highest gold values typically occur in the lowest soil horizon (C2) and in the -200 mesh fraction; - the highest copper values were found in both the -35+80 and -200 mesh fractions (deposit dependent) but were consistently richer in the C2 horizon; - metal values are commonly depleted in the highest B-horizon (B1), particularly in the +35-80 fraction; - metal values are most commonly enriched in the B2 and C2 horizons; - metal depletion is most pronounced in the -35+80 fraction; - there is a strong positive correlation between gold, copper and molybdenum; - in addition, As, Bi, P, and to a lesser extent, Sb and Sr have a strong positive correlation with gold, As, Sb, Sr and to a lesser extent Ba and Pb have a strong positive correlation with copper.
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Morphology and geochemistry of soils formed on colluviated weathered bedrock: Case studies from unglaciated upland slopes in west-central Yukon
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Soil morphology and geochemistry were studied at three mineral properties (gold; lead-zinc; copper-gold) in the unglaciated terrain of west-central Yukon. The purpose of this work was to describe soil and parent material properties, and to assess the effects of soil development and slope processes on element distribution in soils derived primarily from colluvium and weathered bedrock. At each property, soils were examined on slopes with opposing aspects. These results provide baseline pedological and soil-geomorphological descriptions for the Klondike Plateau, which will assist future biophysical mapping and contribute to our understanding of landscape evolution. Results pertaining to soil geochemistry provide landscape related guidelines for mineral exploration. For example, the stratigraphic distribution of loess within soil profiles is described according to slope aspect. This allows the explorationist to design sampling procedures that are more likely to detect geochemical anomalies in the underlying bedrock. Soil geochemical variations in colluvium are shown to reflect upslope variations in bedrock lithology. Results of the soil particle size fraction geochemistry indicate that for base metal elements such as copper, lead and zinc, the -80 mesh component was generally the most responsive in either the B or C horizon. For gold, the -80 mesh fraction worked well in the B horizon, whereas the -230 mesh contained the highest concentration in the C horizon.
Geochemistry of bedrock and soils in the vicinity of the Anvil Mine, Yukon Territory
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Cambrian (?) schist and phyllite of the Anvil Range, Yukon, host three large stratabound lead-zinc deposits: Faro, Vangorda, and Swim. Because geological exploration is limited by a thick cover of glacial overburden, geochemical techniques were tested in the area. These include bedrock sampling for primary halos and geochemical marker horizons, and glacial overburden sampling for secondary dispersion patterns. Multi-element geochemistry of bedrock indicates that the schist and phyllite are not distinctive in one or any combination of the trace elements analyzed. However, some younger rocks are enhanced in various elements: amphibolite in Ni, Cr, Co, and Cu; rhyolite in Pb and Sn; and granite in Sn. Despite presence of glacial overburden, the trace element content of bedrock is reflected in soils. Soils overlying magnetic greenstones are enriched in Ni and Cu, whereas soils overlying granite are slightly enriched in Sn content. Detailed bedrock, overburden and soil sampling at the Faro deposit reveals that primary Pb, Zn, Mo, and Ba halos exist about the ore zone. Mo parallels the visible alteration envelope, but Pb and Zn extend into the hanging wall and the footwall. Ba extends into the hanging wall but is not detected in the footwall. Secondary dispersion patterns are primarily related to the proximity of the Faro ore zone and type of parent material sampled. Till deposits have higher background and threshold values for Cu, Pb, and Zn than those of glaciofluvial deposits. Bath Pb and Zn distributions in overburden delineate the Faro #2 ore body; Zn extends to surface whereas Pb, in some cases, does not. This is a reflection of the type of overburden sampled. In general, Zn is the more consistent indicator of ore. The Zn anomaly is primarily hydromorphic in origin, cxZn having higher anomalous/threshold contrast than total Zn (11.1 for cxZn vs 4.8 for total Zn). The nature of the Pb anomaly is not understood. This thesis is available online at https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0302661. A copy of this thesis is available at the EMR library – TN27.Y8 M677.
Property-scale classification of surficial geology for soil geochemical sampling in the unglaciated Klondike Plateau, west-central Yukon
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Recent mineral discoveries made by soil geochemical sampling along ridges and spurs prompted an increase in exploration in the unglaciated Klondike Plateau of west-central Yukon. Extensive and detailed soil sampling campaigns were extended across hillsides and into valleys, where eolian deposits, periglacial processes, and mass movements complicate the collection and interpretation of geochemical data. In support of exploration efforts, property-scale (1:20 000) surficial geology mapping was completed for several exploration projects to provide more detailed insight than is available in regional-scale (1:50 000) mapping. The culmination of this mapping work is the identification of 12 ‘landform-soil types’ (LSTs) that exhibit recognizable and repetitive patterns in the field and in aerial photographs. The suitability of each LST for different soil geochemical sampling methods and interpretation strategies depends on its soil depth, permafrost depth, surface organic thickness, loess thickness, transport distance, and type of geochemical anomaly.
Whole-rock geochemistry of samples from Carlin-type gold zones, Nadaleen trend, Yukon
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This report releases whole-rock geochemical assay results of 102 samples collected by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Yukon Geological Survey (YGS) from four Carlin-type gold zones (Conrad, Sunrise, Osiris and Anubis) in the Nadaleen Trend, Yukon.
Data-driven, early-exploration predictive indicators for porphyry-style mineralization in Yukon using deconstructed *weights of evidence modeling
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Geology, mineralization and sampling results from the Kalzas tungsten property, central Yukon
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Kalzas, in central Yukon, is a porphyry-style stockwork and sheeted-vein wolframite deposit. Alteration includes a potassic core, a quartz-tourmaline-sericite zone and an outer quartz-sericite-pyrite zone, the latter in excess of 2 km in diameter. Wolframite is confined to the inner two zones, in an oval area 1500 m by 800 m. The wolframite is disseminated within the quartz-tourmaline stockwork and also occurs as coarse crystals in sheeted veins. Mineralization occurs within Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Hyland Group quartzites and phyllites, which are likely intruded at depth by a pluton, possibly of the Cretaceous Tombstone Suite. From 1981 to 1984, Union Carbide carried out mapping, soil and rock geochemistry, an airborne magnetometer survey, road building, trenching and drilling of two diamond drill holes. Results from Copper Ridge's 2001 sample program range from 0.3% WO3 to 0.5% WO3 over widths up to 70 m. They demonstrate the potential to define a signifi cant resource of surface-mineable tungsten mineralization at a grade of 0.4% WO3 or better. Drilling is required to confirm grade continuity at depth and along strike.
Yukon’s Carlin-Type Gold Deposits (Rackla Belt, Canada): Main Characteristics and New Insights on Alteration Styles and Geochemistry
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for a copy of this paper please contact the Yukon Geological Survey; geology@gov.yk.ca.
Bedrock geology of Coal River map area (NTS 95D), Yukon
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This is a product of the Gold and base metals–southeastern Yukon (Selwyn basin) project funded jointly by the Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program of Natural Resources Canada, and the Yukon Geological Survey (Government of Yukon).