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Geology of Whitehorse, Alligator Lake, Fenwick Creek Carcross and Part of Robinson Map Areas (105D/11, 6, 3, 2 & 7)
Three allochthonous terranes, igneous rocks of the Cretaceous and Tertiary Coast Plutonic Complex and associated volcanic complexes comprise the geology between Whitehorse and the Yukon-BC border. The Paleozoic and older(?) Nisling Terrane is composed of the quartz-rich Nisling assemblage, the carbonaceous Nasina assemblage and orthogneiss assumed to be Devono-Mississippian in age. The Nakina sub-terrane of the northern Cache Creek Terrane is composed of Mississippian to Permian spilitized basalt, ultramafite, chert and limestone characterized by Tethyan faunal assemblages and dramatic facies variations. The northern Stikine Terrane is composed of the Upper Triassic Lewes River arc and its plutonic roots. Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the Lewes River and Laberge groups collectively comprise the Whitehorse Trough overlap assemblage. Basal augite-phyric volcanic rocks of the Lewes River Group (Povoas Fm) are unconformably overlain by sedimentary debris derived from the eroding arc (Aksala Fm). These rocks are disconformably overlain by Laberge Group coarse clastics (Takwahoni Fm) deposited in laterally discontinuous submarine fans and conformably overlain by distal fine-grained equivalents (Inklin Fm). Siliciclastic rocks of the Tantalus Formation were deposited in a variety of marine environments in a successor basin to the Whitehorse Trough during Upper Jurassic and Late Cretaceous(?) times. Plutonic rocks cover approximately 40% of the project area and comprise over 30 individual bodies with a wide range of compositions. Plutonic rocks have been divided into six chrono-lithologically distinct suites: Late Triassic batholiths of the Klotassin plutonic suite; Early Jurassic syn-tectonic(?) foliated diorite; mid-Cretaceous granodiorite of the Whitehorse plutonic suite; mid-Cretaceous granophyric quartz monzonite of the Mount McIntyre plutonic suite; a poorly defined suite of Late Cretaceous intrusions with associated volcanism; and quartz-rich high-level Late Paleocene/Early Eocene intrusions of the Nisling Range Plutonic Suite which form the plutonic roots to Skukum Group volcanism. The Klotassin suite is assumed to form the plutonic roots to the Lewes River arc, but are isotopically dissimilar. The Bennett Granite provides a Late Triassic link between Nisling Terrane and Lewes River arc. Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusions are peraluminous and comprise the Coast Plutonic Complex. Isolated but widespread accumulations of intermediate mid- and Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks form the Mt. Nansen and Carmacks groups. Four Late Paleocene/Early Eocene volcanic complexes of the Skukum Group are aligned in a northerly trend and represent deeper levels of erosion to the north. Skukum Group activity is also represented by numerous northeast-trending rhyolite dyke swarms representative of a transtensional regime. Strata of the Whitehorse Trough were deformed into a set of open to tight, northwest-trending folds during Middle and(?) Latest Jurassic/Early Cretaceous compressional event(s). In northern Cache Creek Terrane, much of the deformation took place during Middle Jurassic terrane accretion, but Late Cretaceous southerly verging thrust faults are documented. Nisling Terrane metasedimentary rocks were metamorphosed prior to the intrusion of the Late Triassic Bennett Granite. The Tally Ho shear zone is a narrow domain of penetrative, ductile deformation with evidence of Late Triassic, sinistral strike-slip displacement. It strikes northwest and dips steeply and marks the easternmost limit of Nisling Terrane exposures. It may represent a terrane boundary between the Lewes River arc and the Nisling Terrane; alternatively it may be a transpressional structure within the arc itself.
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Preliminary geology of the Thirty-Seven Mile Creek map sheet (105 D/13)
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Thirty-Seven Mile Creek map area, northwest of Whitehorse, straddles the contact between Coast Plutonic Complex and rocks attributed to northern Stikine Terrane. Late Triassic Little River granodiorite and Late Paleocene (57 Ma) Annie Ned granite underlie the western part of the map area. Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Lewes River and Laberge groups underlie the eastern part of the map. The contact between Coast Plutonic Complex and Stikine Terrane is marked by the Takhini deformation zone - a region of greenschist, gneiss, mylonite, and amphibolite whose protolith is volcanic rocks of Lewes River Group. Potential mineral deposits in this map area include epithermal and mesothermal quartz veins, and magnetite skarns.
Bedrock Geology, Seagull Creek (105B/3), southern Yukon (1:50,000 scale)
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The map area spans the western edge of the old North American continent and the terranes that accreted to it in Mesozoic time, which together form a generally west-dipping structural stack, separated by layer-parallel thrust faults. Three major elements are represented: 1) tilted strata of the ancient North American margin (Cassiar Terrane), 2) overthrust rocks that originated as volcanic arcs and off-shore sediments (Yukon-Tanana Terrane), and 3) granitic bodes injected into this thickened crust after the Cordilleran orogeny.
Geology of Spencer Creek (105B/1) and Daughney Lake (105B/2) Map Areas, Rancheria District, Southeastern Yukon
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Twelve lithostratigraphic units, including ten autochthonous and two allochthonous units, are recognized, and most of these are divided into 27 subunits. They range from Cambrian to Quaternary in age and include a wide range of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock types. Lower Cambrian siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Cassiar Batholith predominate. Three phases of structures are identified. First phase structures include bedding and slaty cleavage, of which the latter is attributed to late stage diagenetic recrystallization. Second phase structures trend northwest and include crenulation cleavage and related folds and lineations. They are attributed to northeast-southwest compression resulting from accretion and obduction of allochthonous rocks during arc-continent collision in Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time. Third phase structures are approximately 90° to the second phase structures and trend northeast. They include joints and related folds and lineations and are attributed to dextral transcurrent movement on Tintina, Kechika and Cassiar faults. Precious and base metal mineralization is found mostly within Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous plutonic rocks and forms predominantly veins and replacement lenses. The dominant sulphides include galena, sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Arsenopyrite, freibergite, tetrahedrite, pyrrhotite, wolframite, cassiterite, stannite, fluorite and lepidolite are also present. Common gangue minerals include quartz, siderite and iron and manganese oxides. Mineralization appears to be structurally controlled by the northeast-southwest jointing and, to a lesser extent, lithologically controlled by limestone-phyllite contacts. It is attributed to hydrothermal solutions migrating along the joints and was probably deposited approximately 50 Ma ago. The most useful exploration guide to finding additional mineralization is iron and manganese gossans.
Geology of Carcross (105D/2) and Part of Robinson (105D/7) Map Areas
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Geology of the Carcross (105D/2) and part of the Robinson (105D/7) map areas, south of Whitehorse, Yukon, were mapped at 1:50,000 scale during the 1988 field season. The map areas are within the Teslin Plateau and Boundary Ranges physiographic regions. Rocks of the Atlin (Cache Creek) Terrane, Whitehorse Trough and Coast Plutonic Complex are each represented in the study area. The Atlin Terrane is bounded by the Nahlin thrust fault and the Crag Lake tear fault. The Nahlin Fault is westerly verging and was active during Late Cretaceous time. The westernmost exposures of Whitehorse Trough strata are those of the structurally complex Tally Ho Shear Zone, the northern extension of the Llewellyn Fault. This structure invovles rocks as young as Cretaceous. Two ages of Cretaceous volcanic activity are represented by the Carmacks and Mount Nansen Groups. Rocks of the Montana Mountain volcanic complex are early Late Cretaceous in age (88-99 Ma). Mineral occurrences of the Montana Mountain area are at least as young as Paleocene and are related to the Nahlin Fault. Other mineral occurrences in the area are spatially related to the Tally Ho Shear Zone.
Bedrock geology of southwest McQuesten (NTS 115P) and part of northern Carmacks (NTS 115I) map area
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The Southwest McQuesten-northern Carmacks area is primarily underlain by rocks of the Yukon-Tanana terrane which is divided into two distinct belts separated by the Willow Creek fault: 1) a central belt of polydeformed, upper greenschist-amphibolite facies metasedimentary and metaplutonic rocks of Permian and older ages; and 2) a northeastern belt of generally undeformed and unmetamorphosed volcano-plutonic rocks of the Early Mississippian Reid Lakes complex. The southern part of the area is underlain mainly by rocks of Quesnellia and Stikinia, including: 1) Paleozoic retrogressed metamorphic rocks of the Boswell assemblage; 2) Upper Triassic augite-phyric volcanic rocks; and 3) Early Jurassic granitoids of the Aishihik plutonic suite. These rocks are dissected by a series of dextral strike-slip faults, probably related to the Teslin fault system. Post-accretion rocks include: 1) mid-Cretaceous biotite monzogranite plutons; 2) dacite and minor basalt of the Upper Cretaceous Carmacks Group; and 3) Quaternary basalt of the Selkirk volcanics. The southwest McQuesten-northern Carmacks area is under-explored, but shares many geological attributes with nearby, highly prospective districts such as the Dawson Range mineral belt, the recently discovered White Gold area and the producing Minto Mine.
Geology of Gravel Creek (105B/10) and Irvine Lake (105B/11) Map Areas, Southeastern Yukon
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The Irvine Lake and Gravel lake map-areas (NTS 105B/10,11) lie within the northern Omineca Belt, west of the Tintina-Northern Rocky Mountain Trench (NRMT) fault. The eastern part of the area is underlain by Proterozoic to early Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks of Cassiar terrane, a fragment of the North American miogeocline which has been displaced northward on the Tintina-NRTM fault. The western part of the area is underlain by basaltic metavolcanics, serpentinized ultramafic rocks, metagabbro, and cherty and calcareous metasediments of the Slide Mountain terrane. Unfoliated to weakly foliated granitic intrusives (Marker Lake and Cassiar batholiths and Cabin Creek and Gravel Creek stocks) occur throughout the area intruding both the Cassiar and Slide Mountain terranes. Slide Mountain and Cassiar terranes are juxtaposed by an east-verging thrust referred to in this area as the Zak fault. Southwest of Irvine Lake, the thrust places serpentine, basaltic meta-volcanics, and an undeformed dioritic intrusion onto a footwall consisting of the Proterozoic Tsaydiz Formation and older units. Northwest of Irvine Lake, near Shootamook Creek, the thrust places cherty metasediments of the allochthon onto marble and quartzite inferred to be lower Cambrian Rosella and Boya Formations, respectively. The northern end of the Cassiar batholith extends into the southwestern corner of Irvine Lake map area. Its northeastern contact with rocks of Slide Mountain terrane is a subvertical, northwest-southeast trending mylonite zone several tens of metres wide. Mesoscopic structures including S-C fabrics and shear bands prove dextral displacement parallel to a variably plunging, but commonly sub-horizontal stretching lineation. The mylonite zone lies along a pronounced topographic lineamnet which extends from the trace of the Cassiar fault south of the Alaska Highway northwestwardly into the Irvine Lake map-area rather than veering to the west as previously mapped. Mineral occurrences in this area are primarily near the contact of granitic intrusions and carbonate rocks. Carbonate rocks hosting the deposits belong to the upper Proterozoic Ingenika Group (Swannell, Tsaydiz and Espee formations) rather than the Lower Cambrian Atan Group as has been inferred for nearby deposits in the Rancheria district. Other, non-carbonate-hosted mineral occurrences include a porphyry Mo prospect and Ag, Pb, Zn veins.
Bedrock Geology, Morris Lake (105B/5), southern Yukon (1:50,000 scale)
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Between the Cretaceous granitic rocks (Hake Batholith on the west; Cassiar Batholith to the east) are three belts of metamorphic rocks, collectively part of Yukon-Tanana terrane. These are remnants of oceanic and continental volcanic arcs, and marginal basin sediments of Early to mid-Paleozoic age. At the head of Borden Creek are thick carbonate and andesitic volcanic rocks correlated with Klinkit Group. The Ram Creek fault and Hidden Lake fault are not exposed but deduced to be steeply dipping brittle structures with northeastward thrust or transpressional offset, based upon more complete exposure to the southeast in 105B/3 map area. The former is likely of Cretaceous age; the latter was active between mid-Permian and Early Jurassic time.
Geology of the northern Whitehorse trough, Yukon (105E/12, 13 and parts of 11 and 14; 105L/4 and parts of 3 and 5; parts of 115H/9 and 16; 115I/1 and part of 8)
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Map presents an interpretation of the bedrock geology of the northern Whitehorse trough as extrapolated from field observations and a reflection seismic survey.
Geology of the Whitehorse Coal Deposit
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Anthracite in floodplain deposits of the Cretaceous Tantalus Formation is preserved in a west-trending graben on the south side of Mt. Granger, 24 km southwest of Whitehorse. The graben extends from Fish Lake to Double Mountain, a distance of 20 km. Two main seams are exposed by bulldozer trenches across the central part of the Mt. Granger property. The upper seam is about 1.8 m thick at surface and has been traced almost continuously over a strike length of 2 km. The lower seam is at least 3.3 m thick at surface and can be traced for more than 1 km. The seams dip at about 30 to 50 degrees to the north. Rotary drilling in 1985 on the central showing penetrated up to 22.25 m of coal. The best continuous coal intersection was 13.1 m in WC-85-6. Open pittable reserves were calculated at 180,033 tonnes over a 335 m strike length. Six days of mapping in 1987 confirmed the continuity of the two main coal seams which are deformed by open north-plunging folds. A north-trending fault along Fisher Creek cuts off massive conglomerate channel deposits interbedded with the coal in the main showing area against recessive floodplain deposits to the west where up to five coal-bearing horizons occur in a thick shale sequence. Additional reserves may lie beneath the low-lying overburden-covered area west of the Fisher Creek fault.
Facies and Depositional Setting of Laberge Conglomerates (Jurassic), Whitehorse Trough
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The Whitehorse Trough, south-central Yukon, originated as a Mesozoic fore-arc basin separating the allochthonous Stikine Terrane to the west from the North American craton. Late Triassic erosion of a volcanic arc supplied detritus to the basin. Subsequent cessation of volcanism, unroofing and deep erosion of the arc into the Middle Jurassic resulted in a progressive increase in granodioritic sediment. Late Triassic-Jurassic Laberge conglomerate within the Whitehorse Trough are coarse, polymictic and typically massive. Inverse or normal grading, planar stratification and cross-bedding are less common. Conglomerates are debris flow, sheet-flood and bar deposits of braided alluvial fan-deltas. These conglomerates usually overlie and grade basinward into feldspathic graywacke or arkosic sandstone. Crystal tuffs grade laterally into sandstone and occur as interbeds as well. Sandstones commonly display trough cross-bedding or planar stratification. Hummocky cross-stratification rarely occurs in sandstones interbedded with bioturbated silty mudstone. Other facies include graded sandstone-mudstone with Bouma BC(E) sequences; float-stone/micritic limestone and rare calcarenite/rudite. Sandstone-conglomerate facies transitions indicate a vertical progression from shallow marine and shoreface sedimentary strata of Late Triassic age to coarse alluvial fan conglomerates of Jurassic age, reflecting progradation of fan-delta systems with progressive infilling of the basin. The Stikine Terrane accreted to North America in the Late Jurassic with basin shallowing and closure reflected by changes in the sedimentary sequences.