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캘리포니아 오픈데이터
Methodological comparison of multiple MPA rocky ecosystem monitoring techniques
California recently completed the implementation of a large network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) across the state via legislation called the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA). Following implementation of MPAs in each region, the state instigated and funded Phase 1 of a Statewide MPA Monitoring Program which allowed for 2-3 years of baseline ecological monitoring in each region around the time of MPA implementation. Baseline monitoring was intended to provide a benchmark against which future change in MPAs could be evaluated. Importantly, baseline monitoring for many habitats built on existing programs, several of which already had long time-series of monitoring data in and around the MPAs. Building on Phase 1, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) and California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) are developing priorities and strategies for Phase 2, statewide long-term monitoring. This study seeks to inform aspects of this long-term monitoring plan by evaluating existing time series and techniques currently being deployed in rocky nearshore ecosystems throughout California. Specifically, we present two studies meant to inform long-term monitoring of MPAs in California: 1) A comparison of two long-term monitoring programs utilizing SCUBA surveys on nearshore rocky reefs and kelp forests, one composed of professional, academic scientists (PISCO - Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans) and the other a citizen-science program utilizing a combination of paid staff and volunteers (RCCA - ReefCheck California). 2) An evaluation of data from multiple monitoring techniques across a large depth gradient to provide information on the latitudinal and depth profile of species likely to be protected by MPAs
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Characterization of Nearshore Fish Communities Associated with Rocky Reef Habitats, California North Coast MPA Baseline Study, 2014 to 2015
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To characterize the fish communities associated with nearshore rocky reef habitat, we collaborated with commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) captains and volunteer anglers to conduct hook-and-line surveys in four pairs of MPA and reference sites. Sampling was conducted with scientific crews of six: four anglers, a sampler who handled, measured, and tagged fish, and a data recorder. Each of the four anglers used a different combination of baited or un-baited lures that represented gear frequently used by recreational anglers to catch the target species. Sites were sampled by fishing for 45 minutes in each of four, 500 meter by 500 meter sampling cells, which were randomly selected from a set of cells that covered bottom areas containing at least 20 percent rocky reef habitat, by area. Captains were directed to drift within the cells over areas of rocky habitat for a maximum of 15 minutes per drift, so that at least three areas of habitat within each cell would be sampled. Captured fish were identified to species, measured to the nearest millimeter in fork length, tagged with an external t-bar anchor tag, and returned to the water, using a descending device if needed. Each site was sampled five times, three from June-October 2014, and twice from May-August 2015.
Nearshore Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests, California North Coast MPA Baseline Study, 2014 to 2015
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Here we provide one of the first systematic, “snapshot” surveys of the entire North Coast Study Region, from the Oregon border to the headland at Point Arena. Our attempt was to characterize these subtidal rocky reefs both inside of the newly created MPAs throughout the region and at comparable and representative reference areas outside of MPAs. We utilized small (19 and 22 ft) vessels for these surveys since representative reef habitats in this region are often remote and inaccessible from shore. These habitats are better represented in this study relative to those often reported on from the limited beach access surveys confined to small areas by other monitoring efforts. We used SCUBA surveys to measure the physical characteristics of rocky reefs and the relative abundance and sizes of many of the fishes, mobile and sessile invertebrates, and algae at each site. Species abundances were estimated along 30 m long swath surveys that count individuals within a 60 m² area or at predetermined points along a transect using uniform point contact (UPC) methods to estimate the percent cover of colonial and encrusting organisms covering the reefs.
Rocky Intertidal Ecosystems, California North Coast MPA Baseline Study
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The objectives of this baseline study of rocky intertidal habitats along the North Coast Study Region (NCSR) are to (1) produce a quantitative baseline characterization of the structure of rocky intertidal ecosystems in Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) established by the Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA), (2) provide an initial comparison between rocky intertidal ecosystems inside MPAs and nearby associated (unprotected) reference areas, (3) analytically explore baseline characterizations for potential indicators of the state of rocky intertidal ecosystems, (4) generate a fish biodiversity baseline within rocky tide pools at a few sites inside and outside of MPAs (for the first time) as well as (5) examine rockfish recruitment into these tide pools, and (6) integrate these assessments with other components of the baseline survey, including (7) high resolution topographic geological surveys, to inform the role and design of these programs for future monitoring and evaluation of MPAs.
Citizen Scientist Monitoring of Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests, California South Coast MPA Baseline Study, 2011 to 2012
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Reef Check California has surveyed rocky reefs and kelp forests in southern California since 2006 and has up to nine years of data from the MLPA South Coast Study Region (SCSR). The goal of this baseline monitoring project is to quantify key attributes of species, populations, communities and habitat variables that constitute representative kelp forest ecosystems within and outside of many of the MPAs in the South Coast Study Region. The sampling design, selected response variables (i.e. key species) and analytical approaches are intended to provide scientists, managers, stakeholders and policymakers with a baseline for future assessment of the effectiveness of the SCSR MPAs. Further, the outcomes from this study will also provide recommendations for long-term monitoring metrics and cost-effective survey protocols for the SCSR. Specific objectives are: 1. Provide a quantitative baseline characterization of the rocky reef and kelp forest ecosystem feature inside and outside of MPAs in the SCSR. 2. Provide pre-MPA implementation data and historical context to ongoing data collection by analyzing RCCA’s existing dataset in the context of the new MPAs. 3. Explore the baseline characterizations for potential indicators of the state of the kelp forest ecosystem (i.e. ecosystem indicators) and make recommendations for long-term monitoring. 4. Build capacity for cost-effective, long-term MPA monitoring through the continued involvement of community members in the monitoring of MPAs. 5. Expand existing public online data dissemination and illustration tool (NED) to inform managers, stakeholders, policymakers and the public about the status of the marine environment in the SCSR.
Citizen Scientist Monitoring of Rocky Reefs and Kelp Forests, California North Coast MPA Baseline Study, 2014 to 2016
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RCCA volunteer citizen scientists conducted 18 visual scuba transects at each monitoring site to survey densities and sizes of ecologically and economically important fish, invertebrate and algal species and to characterize the physical habitats. Transects were 30-meters long and 2-meters wide swaths above the rocky reef substrate. Divers counted and sized key species of fish (35 species), counted invertebrates (33 species) and algae (9 species), and estimated the percent cover of substrate types and vertical relief of the seafloor. Over the baseline monitoring of 2014-2015, RCCA conducted 18 surveys at eight monitoring sites in the NCSR. Three of these sites have been surveyed since 2007. The data from these surveys were analyzed at multiple scales to provide baseline characterization of the kelp forest ecosystems at the time of MPA implementation. We characterized the biological community at the RCCA monitoring sites by summarizing the physical and biological characteristics of each of the sites. These summaries will serve as a reference point in the future as long-term monitoring continues.
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