,Two commercially available vaccines based on the recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vector were tested against a recent North American clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus isolate: A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 in specific pathogen free white leghorn (WL) chickens and commercial broiler chickens. One rHVT-H5 vaccine encodes a hemagglutinin (HA) gene designed by the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen method (COBRA-HVT vaccine). The other encodes an HA gene of a clade 2.2 virus (2.2-HVT vaccine). There was 100% survival of both breeds in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated groups and in the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups there was 94.8% and 90% survival of the WL and broilers respectively. Compared to the 2.2-HVT vaccinated groups, WL in the COBRA-HVT vaccinated group shed significantly lower mean viral titers by the cloacal route and broilers shed significantly lower titers by the oropharyngeal route than broilers. Virus titers detected in oral and cloacal swabs were otherwise similar among both vaccine groups and chicken breeds. To assess antibody-based tests to identify birds that have been infected after vaccination (DIVA-VI), sera collected after the challenge were tested with enzyme-linked lectin assay-neuraminidase inhibition (ELLA-NI) for N1 neuraminidase antibody detection and by commercial ELISA for detection of antibodies to the NP protein. As early as 7 days post challenge (DPC) 100% of the chickens were positive by ELLA-NI. ELISA was less sensitive with a maximum of 75% positive at 10DPC in broilers vaccinated with 2.2-HVT. Both vaccines provided protection from challenge to both breeds of chickens and ELLA-NI was sensitive at identifying antibodies to the challenge virus therefore should be evaluated further for DIVA-VI.,Methods,Viruses. All procedures using infectious material were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee of US National Poultry Research Center (USNPRC), US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA. The HPAI virus isolate A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 H5N1 (TK/IN/22) was provided by Dr. Mia Torchetti, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, IA. The A/Vietnam/1203/2004 H5N1 HPAI virus (Viet/04), A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005 H5N1 (WS/Mongolia/05) HPAI virus, and A/Flycatcher/CA/14875-1/1994 H7N1 low pathogenic avian influenza virus isolates were provided by the repository at the USNPRC. Virus isolates were propagated and titrated in SPF embryonating chicken eggs using standard procedures [1]. Titers were determined using the Reed-Muench method [2].,Vaccines. Two commercial rHVT-H5 vaccines were selected because they are licensed in the US (and may be licensed elsewhere) and were supplied by the manufacturers: 2.2-HVT (Vectormune HVT AIV, Ceva Animal Health LLC, Lenexa, KS) (serial 395-134); and COBRA-HVT (Vaxxitek HVT+IBD+H5, Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health USA, Ridgefield, CT) (serial EW003). The amino acid similarity between the vaccine antigens and the challenge virus HA1 was 91.7% (COBRA-HVT) and 91.2% (2.2-HVT).,Challenge study design. All animal work was reviewed and approved by the USNPRC Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mixed sex, SPF WL chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were obtained at hatch from in-house flocks. Broiler chicken eggs were obtained from a commercial hatchery at 18 days of incubation prior to administration of any in ovo vaccines and were hatched on-site. All birds were randomly assigned to vaccine groups based on breed. Vaccine groups are shown in Table 1. All vaccines were prepared and administered on the day of hatch by the subcutaneous route at the nape of the neck in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions (0.2ml per chicken). Serum was collected from all chickens 25 days post vaccination to evaluate the antibody response to the vaccines.,Four weeks post vaccination (four weeks of age) chickens were

This dataset includes epidemiology, clinical signs, gross and microscopic pathology, and virology data from two red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and one fisher (Pekania pennanti) submitted to the USGS-National Wildlife Health Center for cause-of-death determination and confirmed positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 by USDA’s National Veterinary Services Laboratories. The foxes were juveniles from North Dakota and the fisher was an adult from Wisconsin. Clinical signs included neurological deficits such as ataxia, lethargy, or paralysis. Gross and microscopic lesions included myocardial pallor, pulmonary and hepatic congestion, meningoencephalitis, interstitial pneumonia, myocardial necrosis, and hepatic necrosis. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 2.3.4.4 was detected in swabs and/or organ tissues by PCR; genotype B3.1 was identified in the foxes and B3.2 was identified in the fisher. Death of all three animals was attributed to HPAI.

This data set describes genomic sequence information from 2022 used to infer spatiotemporal trends pertaining to the introductions of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses into Alaska and spread among wild birds, backyard poultry, and mammals.

This data set describes genomic sequence information from 2022 used to infer spatiotemporal trends pertaining to the introductions of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses into Alaska and spread among wild birds, backyard poultry, and mammals.

These data describe avian influenza sampling efforts for eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) across the Maryland portion of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA in the winter of 2023-2024

These data describe avian influenza sampling efforts for eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) across the Maryland portion of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA in the winter of 2023-2024

This data layer depicts the relative susceptibility of poultry to the transmission of Avian Influenza from wild birds based upon poultry type and density for the contiguous United States.

This data layer depicts the relative susceptibility of poultry to the transmission of Avian Influenza from wild birds based upon poultry type and density for the contiguous United States.

,The dataset contains measurements from a swine research study evaluating influenza A immune responses and protection for replicon particle and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. The research study was conducted by United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) scientists and postdoctoral scientists at the National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS to characterize heterologous virus immunity from live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines and IAV replicon particle vaccines. A better understanding of vaccine immune responses to heterologous viruses will aid in development of improved swine IAV vaccination strategies. The dataset contains lesion scores, virus shedding in nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid antibody responses, and isolated blood and lung T cell responses.,

These data describe the prevalence of infection with and antibodies to clade 2.3.4.4b HP H5N1 in Snow Geese in the Central Valley of California, along with corresponding movement data. These data show differential outcomes of HPAI infection in this species.