This is data from and a final report on the development of a 3D velocity model for the larger FORGE area and on the seismic resolution in the stimulated fracture volume at the bottom of well 16A-32. The velocity model was developed using RMS velocities of the seismic reflection survey and seismic velocity logs from borehole measurements as an input model. To improve the accuracy of the model in the shallow subsurface, travel times phase arrivals of the direct propagating P-waves were determined from the seismic reflection data, using PhaseNet, a deep-neural-network-based seismic arrival time picking method. The travel times were subsequently inverted using the input velocity model. The seismic resolution study used borehole and surface seismic sensors as well as the seismicity observed during the April 2022 stimulation experiment to estimate the seismic resolution in the activated fracture reservoir. The data contain a 3D P- and S-wave velocity model for the larger FORGE area.

This report describes the development of a preliminary 3D seismic velocity model at the Utah FORGE site and first results from estimating seismic resolution in the generated fracture volume during Stage 3 of the April 2022 stimulation. A preliminary 3D velocity model for the larger FORGE area was developed using RMS velocities of the seismic reflection survey and seismic velocity logs from borehole measurements as an input model. To improve the accuracy of the model in the shallow subsurface, travel times phase arrivals of the direct propagating P-waves were determined from the seismic reflection data, using PhaseNet, a deep-neural-network-based seismic arrival time picking method. The travel times were subsequently inverted using the input velocity model. The results showed that the input velocity model needs improvement as the resulting model appears too fast in the easter region of the FORGE area. During the next phase of this work, we will update the input velocity model and generate P-wave arrival times for additional seismic source locations, to improve the horizontal resolution in the sedimentary layer and to obtain a model that better matches the sedimentary layer and the travel time observations.

This report describes the development of a preliminary 3D seismic velocity model at the Utah FORGE site and first results from estimating seismic resolution in the generated fracture volume during Stage 3 of the April 2022 stimulation. A preliminary 3D velocity model for the larger FORGE area was developed using RMS velocities of the seismic reflection survey and seismic velocity logs from borehole measurements as an input model. To improve the accuracy of the model in the shallow subsurface, travel times phase arrivals of the direct propagating P-waves were determined from the seismic reflection data, using PhaseNet, a deep-neural-network-based seismic arrival time picking method. The travel times were subsequently inverted using the input velocity model. The results showed that the input velocity model needs improvement as the resulting model appears too fast in the easter region of the FORGE area. During the next phase of this work, we will update the input velocity model and generate P-wave arrival times for additional seismic source locations, to improve the horizontal resolution in the sedimentary layer and to obtain a model that better matches the sedimentary layer and the travel time observations.

This is a composite 3D seismic velocity that was constructed from compiled information from several local studies regarding seismic velocities and structural information. This seismic velocity model is provided in NonLinLoc format (slow_len), which is readily usable in NonLinLoc software. Other model formats and versions of the model can be produced using the Python script provided with this data set. Details on how the model was created and prior velocity and structural information was used is provided in the accompanying documentation.

This is a composite 3D seismic velocity that was constructed from compiled information from several local studies regarding seismic velocities and structural information. This seismic velocity model is provided in NonLinLoc format (slow_len), which is readily usable in NonLinLoc software. Other model formats and versions of the model can be produced using the Python script provided with this data set. Details on how the model was created and prior velocity and structural information was used is provided in the accompanying documentation.

Report on possible geodetic signature of the 3 stimulations in April 2022 as well as a comparison with existing InSAR data gathered over the site before, during, and after the stimulation. In geothermal production it is important to understand the existing stress field and the changes in the stress associated with field development. The stress field is a controlling factor in the development and properties of natural and stimulated fractures. Furthermore, changes in the stress field can lead to associated seismicity and the potential for felt earthquakes. It is difficult to estimate stresses directly and they are typically inferred from well tests and observed strain. In this task our goal is to incorporate observed strain data into the fully integrated models of the stimulations at the FORGE site. FORGE project 3-2535 is planning on using a casing source EM method for detecting and imaging a deep localized stimulated fracture zone at the Utah FORGE site. Details on other stages of the project are included in the linked GDR submissions below.

The report provided here describes research activities between August 16th, 2018 and July 30th, 2024. The goals of the research activities are to conduct an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis and Ground Surface Deformation Modeling at the Utah FORGE site. InSAR data have been obtained from two satellite missions and combined pair-wise into interferograms to assess ground deformation. These InSAR datasets are compiled below as links to their respective destinations in the GDR. The project found that the InSAR data analyzed do not show any measurable deformation in the area immediately surrounding the FORGE wells and no vertical surface displacement that could be measurable by InSAR or GPS is expected from the stimulation experiments conducted at the site in 2023 or 2024. The report goes on to state the expected vertical displacement at the Earth's surface is less than 1 millimeter, based on modeling using an analytic solution. Hydromechanical modeling also predicts that the magnitude of the deformation produced by injection experiments is too small to be measured by InSAR or GPS.

The report provided here describes research activities between August 16th, 2018 and July 30th, 2024. The goals of the research activities are to conduct an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis and Ground Surface Deformation Modeling at the Utah FORGE site. InSAR data have been obtained from two satellite missions and combined pair-wise into interferograms to assess ground deformation. These InSAR datasets are compiled below as links to their respective destinations in the GDR. The project found that the InSAR data analyzed do not show any measurable deformation in the area immediately surrounding the FORGE wells and no vertical surface displacement that could be measurable by InSAR or GPS is expected from the stimulation experiments conducted at the site in 2023 or 2024. The report goes on to state the expected vertical displacement at the Earth's surface is less than 1 millimeter, based on modeling using an analytic solution. Hydromechanical modeling also predicts that the magnitude of the deformation produced by injection experiments is too small to be measured by InSAR or GPS.

This dataset contains a map, showing the Utah FORGE seismic stations, and seismic velocity model data. There are 61 1-D velocity models which are in a compressed TAR file. A paper is referenced at the end of this description which discusses the use of these data in 3D modelling. The paper summary follows: We expand the application of spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) from typical 1-D Vs profiles to quasi-3-D imaging via Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion (BMCI) using a dense nodal array (49 nodes) located at the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site. Combinations of 4 and 9 geophones in subarrays provide for 36 and 25 1-D Vs profiles, respectively. Profiles with error bars are determined by calculating coherency functions that fit observations in a frequency range of 0.2-5 Hz. Thus, a high-resolution quasi-3-D Vs model from the surface to 2.0 km depth is derived and shows that surface-parallel sedimentary strata deepen to the west, consistent with a 3-D seismic reflection survey. Moreover, the resulting Vs profile is consistent with a Vs profile derived from distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data located in a borehole at the FORGE site. The quasi-3-D velocity model shows that the base of the basin dips ~22 degrees to the west and topography on the basement interface coincident with the Mag Lee Wash suggests that the bedrock interface is an unconformity. Reference: Zhang, H. and K. L. Pankow (2021). High-resolution Bayesian spatial auto-correlation (SPAC) pseudo-3D Vs model of Utah FORGE site with a dense geophone array, Geophys. Res. Int, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab049

This dataset contains a map, showing the Utah FORGE seismic stations, and seismic velocity model data. There are 61 1-D velocity models which are in a compressed TAR file. A paper is referenced at the end of this description which discusses the use of these data in 3D modelling. The paper summary follows: We expand the application of spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) from typical 1-D Vs profiles to quasi-3-D imaging via Bayesian Monte Carlo inversion (BMCI) using a dense nodal array (49 nodes) located at the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) site. Combinations of 4 and 9 geophones in subarrays provide for 36 and 25 1-D Vs profiles, respectively. Profiles with error bars are determined by calculating coherency functions that fit observations in a frequency range of 0.2-5 Hz. Thus, a high-resolution quasi-3-D Vs model from the surface to 2.0 km depth is derived and shows that surface-parallel sedimentary strata deepen to the west, consistent with a 3-D seismic reflection survey. Moreover, the resulting Vs profile is consistent with a Vs profile derived from distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data located in a borehole at the FORGE site. The quasi-3-D velocity model shows that the base of the basin dips ~22 degrees to the west and topography on the basement interface coincident with the Mag Lee Wash suggests that the bedrock interface is an unconformity. Reference: Zhang, H. and K. L. Pankow (2021). High-resolution Bayesian spatial auto-correlation (SPAC) pseudo-3D Vs model of Utah FORGE site with a dense geophone array, Geophys. Res. Int, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab049