This data release includes information used to support interpretations of relations between precipitation and soil moisture for a U.S. Geological Survey post-fire monitoring array installed near Malibu, CA following the 2007 Canyon fire. The 3 datasets are: 1) a time series of precipitation from three tipping bucket rain gages in individual files (Schmidt_2020_CANVQRG1.csv, Schmidt_2020_CANVQRG2.csv, and Schmidt_2020_CANTPRG3.csv; where RG in file name is abbreviation for rain gage), 2) a time series of a total of 9 soil moisture probes distributed with three soil moisture probes installed at varying depths from 3 individual soil pits in 3 individual files grouped by pit (Schmidt_2020_CANVQSM1.csv, Schmidt_2020_CANVQSM2.csv, and Schmidt_2020_CANVQSM3.csv; where SM in file name is abbreviation for soil moisture), and 3) locational and temporal record information for the instruments including manufacturer and serial number as tabular data (Schmidt_2020_Canyon_Fire_Instrument_info.csv) and a shapefile including location information (Schmidt_2020_instruments.shp) as well as a 4 band raster geospatial data file (Schmidt_2020_CAN_RG_SM.png). The data was generally collected from December 1, 2007 to September 5, 2008. Tipping bucket rain gages recorded 0.2 mm per tip with either an irregular time stamp representing each successive tip (CANVQRG1 and CANTPRG3) or at a regular four-minute interval (CANVQRG2) with all null values, representing no measurable precipitation, removed for clarity. Time-progressive cumulative rainfall is reported. Rain gage “CANVQRG1” was located closest to soil moisture monitoring instruments (“CANVQSM1, “CANVQSM2”, and “CANVQSM3”). Soil moisture probes recorded dimensionless volumetric water content in m^3/m^3 utilizing the dielectric constant of the media using capacitance or frequency domain technology. Probes were placed at three different depths in the soil: 5, 15 and 30 cm below the ground surface. Pit CANVQSM1 located closer to top of ridge, pit CANVQSM2 located mid-slope, and pit CANVQSM3 located downslope closer to the base of the hillslope. Soil moisture measurements were logged at regular time intervals, varying between two or six minutes, with recorded values reported as averages for that two- or six-minute interval. Column headers for soil moisture data denote unique instrument serial number and placement depth below ground surface in centimeters. Data pertaining to instrumental error was removed and entries left as null values. Negative reported values, outside of normal instrument recording range, during dry and likely hot conditions were left unmodified within data sets. All geographic coordinates reported as UTM NAD83 Zone 11N. All times are in Pacific Standard Time set to field laptop with migration forward one hour at 2 am on March 9, 2008.

This data release includes time-series data from a monitoring site located in a small drainage basin in the Arroyo Seco watershed in Los Angeles County, CA, USA (N3788964 E389956, UTM Zone 11, NAD83). The site was established after the 2009 Station Fire and recorded a series debris flows in the first winter after the fire. The data include three types of time-series: (1) 1-minute time series of rainfall, soil water content, channel bed pore pressure and temperature, and flow stage recorded by radar and laser distance meters (ArroyoSecoContinuous.csv); (2) 10-Hz time series of flow stage recorded by the laser distance meter during rain storms (ArroyoSecoStormLaser.csv), and (3) 2-second time series of rainfall and channel bed pore pressure and temperature during rain storms (ArroyoSecoStormPressureRain.csv). The laser and radar distance meters are suspended above the pore pressure sensor mounted in the bedrock of the channel. The equations for converting the distance measurements into flow stage above the pressure sensor (or stage of the stationary bed surface during times of no flow) are given by the equations Stage_laser (meters) = 2.107 meters – Distance_laser (meters), and Stage_radar (meters) = 2.156 meters – Distance_radar (feet)*0.3048 Details of this study are described in the journal article: Kean, J. W., D. M. Staley, and S. H. Cannon (2011), In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04019, doi:10.1029/2011JF002005.

This data release includes time-series data from a monitoring site located in a small drainage basin in the Arroyo Seco watershed in Los Angeles County, CA, USA (N3788964 E389956, UTM Zone 11, NAD83). The site was established after the 2009 Station Fire and recorded a series debris flows in the first winter after the fire. The data include three types of time-series: (1) 1-minute time series of rainfall, soil water content, channel bed pore pressure and temperature, and flow stage recorded by radar and laser distance meters (ArroyoSecoContinuous.csv); (2) 10-Hz time series of flow stage recorded by the laser distance meter during rain storms (ArroyoSecoStormLaser.csv), and (3) 2-second time series of rainfall and channel bed pore pressure and temperature during rain storms (ArroyoSecoStormPressureRain.csv). The laser and radar distance meters are suspended above the pore pressure sensor mounted in the bedrock of the channel. The equations for converting the distance measurements into flow stage above the pressure sensor (or stage of the stationary bed surface during times of no flow) are given by the equations Stage_laser (meters) = 2.107 meters – Distance_laser (meters), and Stage_radar (meters) = 2.156 meters – Distance_radar (feet)*0.3048 Details of this study are described in the journal article: Kean, J. W., D. M. Staley, and S. H. Cannon (2011), In situ measurements of post-fire debris flows in southern California: Comparisons of the timing and magnitude of 24 debris-flow events with rainfall and soil moisture conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04019, doi:10.1029/2011JF002005.

This data release includes time-series data from a monitoring site located in a small (0.12 km2) drainage basin in the Las Lomas watershed in Los Angeles County, CA, USA. The site was established after the 2016 Fish Fire and recorded a series debris flows in the first winter after the fire. The station is located along the channel at the outlet of the study area (34 9’18.50”N, 117 56’41.33”W, WGS84). The data were collected between November 15, 2016 and February 23, 2017. The data include two types of time series: (1) continuous 1-minute time series of rainfall and flow stage recorded by a laser distance meter suspended over the channel (LasLomasContinuous.csv), and (2) 50-Hz time series of flow stage and flow-induced ground vibrations recorded by two geophones (LasLomasStorm.csv). The continuous file contains brief data gaps when the station was serviced, at which time the record of cumulative rainfall was reset to zero. The ground vibrations were measured by two 4.5 Hz vertical axis geophones (Geospace SNG 11D/PC902/OPEN-30m) located approximately 2 m from the channel bank. One geophone was located 6.4 m upstream from the laser distance meter. The second geophone was located 7.6 m downstream of the geophone. The geophone data is recorded in millivolts and the geophone constant is 32 Volts/(m/s). The equation for converting the laser distance measurements into flow stage above the bedrock in the channel is: Stage_laser (meters) = 4.320 meters – Distance_laser (millimeters) /1000. Time stamps are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Details of this study are described in the journal article: Tang, H., McGuire, L.A., F.K. Rengers, Kean, J. W., Staley, D.M., and Smith, J.B. (2018), Evolution of debris flow initation mechanisms and sediment sources during a series of post-wildfire rainstorms, J. Geophys. Res., xxx, FYYYYY, doi:10.1029/2018JF004837.

Precipitation, volumetric soil-water content, videos, and geophone data characterizing postfire debris flows were collected at the 2022 Hermit’s Peak Calf-Canyon Fire in New Mexico. This dataset contains data from June 22, 2022, to June 26, 2024. The data were obtained from a station located at 35° 42’ 28.86” N, 105° 27’ 18.03” W (geographic coordinate system). Each data type is described below. Raw Rainfall Data: Rainfall data, Rainfall.csv, are contained in a comma separated value (.csv) file. The data are continuous and sampled at 1-minute intervals. The columns in the csv file are TIMESTAMP(UTC), RainSlowInt (the depth of rain in each minute [mm]), CumRain (cumulative rainfall since the beginning of the record [mm]), and VWC# (volumetric water content [V/V]) at three depths (1 = 10 cm, 2=30 cm, and 3=50 cm). VWC values outside of the range of 0 to 0.5 represent sensor malfunctions and were replaced with -99999 . Storm Record: We summarized the rainfall, volumetric soil-water content, and geophone data based on rainstorms. We defined a storm as rain for a duration >= 5 minutes or with an accumulation > 2.54 mm. Each storm was then assigned a storm ID starting at 0. The storm record data, StormRecord.csv, provides peak rainfall intensities and times and volumetric soil-water content information for each storm. The columns from left to right provide the information as follows: ID, StormStart [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], calculated as any time at least 0.2 mm of rain is detected), StormStop [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], timestamp of last rain gauge tip followed by at least 6 hours without precipitation), StormDepth [mm] (the total amount of rain that fell in the storm), StormDuration [h] (length of storm), I-5 [mm h-1] (peak 5-minute rainfall intensity), I-10 [mm h-1] (peak 10-minute rainfall intensity), I-15 [mm h-1] (peak 15-minute rainfall intensity), I-30 [mm h-1] (peak 30-minute rainfall intensity during the storm), I-60 [mm h-1] (peak 60-minute rainfall intensity), I-5 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 5-minute rainfall intensity), I-10 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 10-minute rainfall intensity), I-15 time yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 15-minute rainfall intensity), I-30 time yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ] ([UTC], the time of the peak 30-minute rainfall intensity), I-60 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] [UTC], (the time of the peak 60-minute rainfall intensity), VWC (volumetric water content [V/V] at three depths (1 = 10 cm, 2 = 30 cm, 3 = 50 cm) at the start of the storm, the time of the peak 15-minute rainfall intensity, and the end of the storm), Velocity [m s-1] of the flow, and Event (qualitative observation of type of flow from video footage). VWC values outside of the range of 0 to 0.5 represent sensor malfunctions and were replaced with -99999. Velocity was only calculated for flows with a noticeable surge as the rest of the signal is not sufficient for a cross-correlation, and Event was only filled for storms with quality video data. Values of -99999 were assigned for these columns for all other storms. Geophone Data: Geophone data, GeophoneData.zip, are contained in comma separated value (.csv) files labeled by ‘storm’ and the corresponding storm ID in the storm record and labeled IDa and IDb if the geophone stopped recording for more than an hour during the storm. The data was recorded at two geophones sampled at 50 Hz, one 11.5 m upstream from the station and one 9.75 m downstream from the station. Geophones were triggered to record when 1.6 mm of rain was detected during a period of 10 minutes, and they continued to record for 30 minutes past the last timestamp when this criteria was met. The columns in each csv file are TIMESTAMP [UTC], GeophoneUp_mV (the upstream geophone [mV]), GeophoneDn_mV (the downstream geophone [mV]). Note that there are occasional missed samples when the data logger did not record due to geophone malfunction

Precipitation, volumetric soil-water content, videos, and geophone data characterizing postfire debris flows were collected at the 2022 Hermit’s Peak Calf-Canyon Fire in New Mexico. This dataset contains data from June 22, 2022, to June 26, 2024. The data were obtained from a station located at 35° 42’ 28.86” N, 105° 27’ 18.03” W (geographic coordinate system). Each data type is described below. Raw Rainfall Data: Rainfall data, Rainfall.csv, are contained in a comma separated value (.csv) file. The data are continuous and sampled at 1-minute intervals. The columns in the csv file are TIMESTAMP(UTC), RainSlowInt (the depth of rain in each minute [mm]), CumRain (cumulative rainfall since the beginning of the record [mm]), and VWC# (volumetric water content [V/V]) at three depths (1 = 10 cm, 2=30 cm, and 3=50 cm). VWC values outside of the range of 0 to 0.5 represent sensor malfunctions and were replaced with -99999 . Storm Record: We summarized the rainfall, volumetric soil-water content, and geophone data based on rainstorms. We defined a storm as rain for a duration >= 5 minutes or with an accumulation > 2.54 mm. Each storm was then assigned a storm ID starting at 0. The storm record data, StormRecord.csv, provides peak rainfall intensities and times and volumetric soil-water content information for each storm. The columns from left to right provide the information as follows: ID, StormStart [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], calculated as any time at least 0.2 mm of rain is detected), StormStop [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], timestamp of last rain gauge tip followed by at least 6 hours without precipitation), StormDepth [mm] (the total amount of rain that fell in the storm), StormDuration [h] (length of storm), I-5 [mm h-1] (peak 5-minute rainfall intensity), I-10 [mm h-1] (peak 10-minute rainfall intensity), I-15 [mm h-1] (peak 15-minute rainfall intensity), I-30 [mm h-1] (peak 30-minute rainfall intensity during the storm), I-60 [mm h-1] (peak 60-minute rainfall intensity), I-5 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 5-minute rainfall intensity), I-10 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 10-minute rainfall intensity), I-15 time yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ([UTC], the time of the peak 15-minute rainfall intensity), I-30 time yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] ] ([UTC], the time of the peak 30-minute rainfall intensity), I-60 time [yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss-tz] [UTC], (the time of the peak 60-minute rainfall intensity), VWC (volumetric water content [V/V] at three depths (1 = 10 cm, 2 = 30 cm, 3 = 50 cm) at the start of the storm, the time of the peak 15-minute rainfall intensity, and the end of the storm), Velocity [m s-1] of the flow, and Event (qualitative observation of type of flow from video footage). VWC values outside of the range of 0 to 0.5 represent sensor malfunctions and were replaced with -99999. Velocity was only calculated for flows with a noticeable surge as the rest of the signal is not sufficient for a cross-correlation, and Event was only filled for storms with quality video data. Values of -99999 were assigned for these columns for all other storms. Geophone Data: Geophone data, GeophoneData.zip, are contained in comma separated value (.csv) files labeled by ‘storm’ and the corresponding storm ID in the storm record and labeled IDa and IDb if the geophone stopped recording for more than an hour during the storm. The data was recorded at two geophones sampled at 50 Hz, one 11.5 m upstream from the station and one 9.75 m downstream from the station. Geophones were triggered to record when 1.6 mm of rain was detected during a period of 10 minutes, and they continued to record for 30 minutes past the last timestamp when this criteria was met. The columns in each csv file are TIMESTAMP [UTC], GeophoneUp_mV (the upstream geophone [mV]), GeophoneDn_mV (the downstream geophone [mV]). Note that there are occasional missed samples when the data logger did not record due to geophone malfunction

This data release includes time-series data from two monitoring stations in a small drainage basin burned in the 2014 Silverado Fire, Orange County, California. One station (upper station) is located in the headwaters of the study area (33 45’39.10”N, 117 35’17.48”W, WGS84). The other station (lower station) is located at the outlet of the study area (33 45’04.61”N, 117 35’12.54”W). The data were collected between November 15, 2014 and January 14, 2016. The data include continuous 1-minute time series of rainfall and soil water content recorded at the both stations and intermittent (during rain storms) 50-Hz time series of flow-induced ground vibrations recorded by geophones at the lower station. The soil water content measurements were made at 2 depths below the ground surface (5 and 10 cm) between 2014-11-15 and 2015-04-24, and 4 depths below the ground surface (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) between 2015-04-24 and 2016-01-14. The ground vibrations were measured by two 4.5 Hz vertical axis geophones (Geospace SNG 11D/PC902/OPEN-30m) located approximately 3 m from the channel bank and separated by 11.8 m in the streamwise direction. Details of this study are described in the journal article: McGuire, L.A., Rengers, F.K., Kean, J.W., Staley, D.M., and Mirus B.B., (2017), Incorporating spatially heterogeneous infiltration capacity into hydrologic models with applications for simulating post-wildfire debris flow initiation, Hydrologic Processes.

This data release includes time-series data from two monitoring stations in a small drainage basin burned in the 2014 Silverado Fire, Orange County, California. One station (upper station) is located in the headwaters of the study area (33 45’39.10”N, 117 35’17.48”W, WGS84). The other station (lower station) is located at the outlet of the study area (33 45’04.61”N, 117 35’12.54”W). The data were collected between November 15, 2014 and January 14, 2016. The data include continuous 1-minute time series of rainfall and soil water content recorded at the both stations and intermittent (during rain storms) 50-Hz time series of flow-induced ground vibrations recorded by geophones at the lower station. The soil water content measurements were made at 2 depths below the ground surface (5 and 10 cm) between 2014-11-15 and 2015-04-24, and 4 depths below the ground surface (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) between 2015-04-24 and 2016-01-14. The ground vibrations were measured by two 4.5 Hz vertical axis geophones (Geospace SNG 11D/PC902/OPEN-30m) located approximately 3 m from the channel bank and separated by 11.8 m in the streamwise direction. Details of this study are described in the journal article: McGuire, L.A., Rengers, F.K., Kean, J.W., Staley, D.M., and Mirus B.B., (2017), Incorporating spatially heterogeneous infiltration capacity into hydrologic models with applications for simulating post-wildfire debris flow initiation, Hydrologic Processes.

This product is a dataset of volumetric soil-water content and soil temperature in an area affected by wildfire in the Boulder Creek watershed, in the Colorado Front Range, USA. The data contained in this archive continue through 7 years of recovery following a wildfire in 2010. Automated sensors (Decagon Devices, 5TE and 5TM) were used to collect the data at 1-minute and 5-minute temporal resolution at several depths in the soil profile. Sites where data were collected include burned (i.e. fire affected) and unburned sites with north-facing and south-facing slope aspect. Datasets of volumetric soil-water content and soil temperature are contained in files listed under Child Items.

This data release includes 2016-2019 soil moisture timeseries for two drainage basins (“Arroyo Seco” and “Dunsmore Canyon”) that burned during the 2009 Station Fire in Los Angeles County, California, USA. The Arroyo Seco (0.01 km2) and Dunsmore Canyon (0.5 km2) drainages include two soil pits, one located near the drainage divide and another near the basin outlet. Following the naming convention established by Smith et al. (2019), we refer to the soil pits near the Arroyo Seco drainage divide and basin outlet as “AS1” and “AS3,” respectively. Similarly, we refer to the soil pits near the Dunsmore Canyon drainage divide and basin outlet as “DC1” and “DC3,” respectively. The coordinates of AS1 and AS3 are, respectively, 34.236972°, -118.195756° and 34.236053°, -118.194915° (WGS84). The coordinates of DC1 and DC3 are, respectively, 34.265075°, -118.237336° and 34.257528°, -118.241728° (WGS84). Each array (for which the total soil profile is ~50 cm) includes three soil moisture sensors positioned at 10, 25, and 50 cm depths. We report all available soil moisture information in terms of volumetric water content (VWC) for the time period and flag lapses in coverage. The VWC data for AS1 and DC1 overlap with Smith et al. (2019) for January 2016 through November 2017. We provide those data here to maintain consistency with Thomas et al. (2021). Sensor information, including the make/model, measurement units, and measurement frequency are contained in the “README.txt” file. Additional study details are provided in the following publications: Thomas, M.A., Rengers, F.K., Kean, J.W., McGuire, L.A., Staley, D.M., Barnhart, K.R., and Ebel, B.A. 2021. Postwildfire soil-hydraulic recovery and the persistence of debris flow hazards. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006091 Smith, J.B., Kean, J.W., Mirus, B.B., Staley, D.M, Rengers, F.K., and McGuire, L.A. 2019. Hillslope hydrologic monitoring data following the 2009 Station Fire, Los Angeles County, California, November 2015 to June 2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P98G0FS2. Smith, J.B., and J.W. Kean. 2018. Long-term soil-water tension measurements in semiarid environments: a method for automated tensiometer refilling. Vadose Zone Journal. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0070.