We used Rangeland Condition Monitoring Assessment and Projection (RCMAP) maps of annual herbaceous fractional components (mostly invasive annual grasses) to calculate mean rate of change in invasive annual grass cover over five-year time periods. We also created a map that identifies zones of the sagebrush biome that could be prioritized for different management goals. The invasion of annual grasses has altered fire regimes and has contributed to the decline of sagebrush ecosystems. The vast expanse of annual grass invasions has required land managers to prioritize treatments in locations where they expect to be able to make a meaningful impact on invasion outcomes. Maps of invasive annual grass cover are useful in that they show the extent and severity of the invasion, but on their own, cover maps do not illustrate context such as how invasive cover is changing over time (i.e., increasing, stable, decreasing). The rate of change in invasive annual grass cover describes the trajectory of invasion. This information can be used by land managers to fine-tune priority locations and strategies for invasive species treatments in addition to other data sources (e.g., invasive annual grass cover maps).

These datasets provide weekly differences of early estimates of 2024 fractional cover for exotic annual grass (EAG) that were released from April to late June. The EAG estimates were publicly released within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that version. Each weekly release contained five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps for: 1) a group of 16 species of EAGs, 2) cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); 3) Field Brome (Bromus arvensis); 4) medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and 5) Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). The datasets presented here are difference maps for the collective group of 16 EAG species. The difference maps were developed by subtracting the previous early estimate of EAG from the current week (for example Week 2 minus Week 1). This release contains nine difference maps from the 10 weekly early estimates of EAG. These weekly difference maps depict the amount and location of EAG abundance change each week. The geographic coverage includes much of the sagebrush biome classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2021 National Land Cover Database at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Exotic Annual Grass Week 2 - Week 1 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 12 from maps created using imagery no later than April 21. Exotic Annual Grass Week 3 - Week 2 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 19 from maps created using imagery no later than April 26. Exotic Annual Grass Week 4 - Week 3 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 26 from maps created using imagery no later than May 3. Exotic Annual Grass Week 5 - Week 4 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 3 from maps created using imagery no later than May 10. Exotic Annual Grass Week 6 - Week 5 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 10 from maps created using imagery no later than May 18. Exotic Annual Grass Week 7 - Week 6 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 18 from maps created using imagery no later than May 24. Exotic Annual Grass Week 8 - Week 7 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 24 from maps created using imagery no later than June 1. Exotic Annual Grass Week 9 - Week 8 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than June 1 from maps created using imagery no later than June 10. Exotic Annual Grass Week 10 - Week 9 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than June 8 from maps created using imagery no later than June 16.

These datasets provide weekly differences of early estimates of 2024 fractional cover for exotic annual grass (EAG) that were released from April to late June. The EAG estimates were publicly released within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that version. Each weekly release contained five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps for: 1) a group of 16 species of EAGs, 2) cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); 3) Field Brome (Bromus arvensis); 4) medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and 5) Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). The datasets presented here are difference maps for the collective group of 16 EAG species. The difference maps were developed by subtracting the previous early estimate of EAG from the current week (for example Week 2 minus Week 1). This release contains nine difference maps from the 10 weekly early estimates of EAG. These weekly difference maps depict the amount and location of EAG abundance change each week. The geographic coverage includes much of the sagebrush biome classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2021 National Land Cover Database at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Exotic Annual Grass Week 2 - Week 1 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 12 from maps created using imagery no later than April 21. Exotic Annual Grass Week 3 - Week 2 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 19 from maps created using imagery no later than April 26. Exotic Annual Grass Week 4 - Week 3 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than April 26 from maps created using imagery no later than May 3. Exotic Annual Grass Week 5 - Week 4 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 3 from maps created using imagery no later than May 10. Exotic Annual Grass Week 6 - Week 5 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 10 from maps created using imagery no later than May 18. Exotic Annual Grass Week 7 - Week 6 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 18 from maps created using imagery no later than May 24. Exotic Annual Grass Week 8 - Week 7 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than May 24 from maps created using imagery no later than June 1. Exotic Annual Grass Week 9 - Week 8 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than June 1 from maps created using imagery no later than June 10. Exotic Annual Grass Week 10 - Week 9 Difference Map was developed by subtracting cover maps created using imagery from no later than June 8 from maps created using imagery no later than June 16.

These datasets provide early estimates of 2025 fractional cover for exotic annual grass (EAG) species and one native perennial grass species on a weekly basis from mid April to late June. Typically, the EAG estimates are publicly released within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that version. Each weekly release contains five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps for: 1) a group of 16 species of EAGs, 2) Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); 3) Field brome (Bromus arvensis); 4) Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and 5) Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). These datasets were generated leveraging field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) data plots; Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); other relevant environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers; and artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques. A total of 40,154 AIM plots from years 2016–2024 were used to train an ensemble of five-fold regression-tree models using a cross-validation approach (each observation was used as test data once and as training data four times) that developed all the fractional cover maps. The geographic coverage includes arid and semi-arid rangelands in the western U.S classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2023 Land Cover product from Annual National Land Cover Database (NLCD) CONUS Collection 1.0 at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Maps of April 18th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 12. Maps of April 25th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 19. Releases: First Release: April 18, 2025 (ver. 1.0) Revision: April 25, 2025 (ver. 2.0)

This dataset release provides historical (2016 - 2024) estimates of fractional cover for Exotic Annual Grass (EAG) species and a native perennial bunch grass in the western United States. The dataset includes five fractional cover maps per year, accompanied by five corresponding confidence maps, for a group of 15 species of EAGs. The following 15 species are included in the overall EAG cover estimate (species followed by * indicate specific maps for that species); field brome* (Bromus arvensis), medusahead* (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), cheatgrass* (Bromus tectorum), rattlesnake brome (Bromus briziformis), rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus), Bald brome (Bromus commutatus and Bromus racemosus), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus hordeaceus spp. hordeaceus), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), compact brome (Bromus madritensis and Bromus madritensis ssp. Rubens), red brome (Bromus rubens), rye brome (Bromus secalinus). Sandberg blue grass (Poa secunda) is not considered an EAG by this project or included in the EAG layer. We map Poa secunda separately as it can have similar phenology to many invasive grasses such as cheatgrass. The data were generated using a combination of field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) plots; remotely sensed data from the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) product (specifically Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) , and various environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers. Additionally, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were employed in the data generation process. For 2024 maps we used a 40,154 AIM plots from 2016-2024. Pixels over 2350-m in elevation or classified as other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub (likely rangelands) were masked based on the 2023 National Land Cover Database (NLCD).

This dataset release provides historical (2016 - 2024) estimates of fractional cover for Exotic Annual Grass (EAG) species and a native perennial bunch grass in the western United States. The dataset includes five fractional cover maps per year, accompanied by five corresponding confidence maps, for a group of 15 species of EAGs. The following 15 species are included in the overall EAG cover estimate (species followed by * indicate specific maps for that species); field brome* (Bromus arvensis), medusahead* (Taeniatherum caput-medusae), cheatgrass* (Bromus tectorum), rattlesnake brome (Bromus briziformis), rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus), Bald brome (Bromus commutatus and Bromus racemosus), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus hordeaceus spp. hordeaceus), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), compact brome (Bromus madritensis and Bromus madritensis ssp. Rubens), red brome (Bromus rubens), rye brome (Bromus secalinus). Sandberg blue grass (Poa secunda) is not considered an EAG by this project or included in the EAG layer. We map Poa secunda separately as it can have similar phenology to many invasive grasses such as cheatgrass. The data were generated using a combination of field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) plots; remotely sensed data from the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) product (specifically Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) , and various environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers. Additionally, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were employed in the data generation process. For 2024 maps we used a 40,154 AIM plots from 2016-2024. Pixels over 2350-m in elevation or classified as other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub (likely rangelands) were masked based on the 2023 National Land Cover Database (NLCD).

This dataset release provides historical (2016 - 2022) estimates of fractional cover for exotic annual grass (EAG) species and a native perennial bunch grass in the arid and semi-arid rangelands of the western United States. The dataset includes four fractional cover maps per year, accompanied by corresponding confidence maps, for a group of 16 species of EAGs, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). The data were generated using a combination of field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) plots; remotely sensed data from the Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) product (specifically Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)), and various environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers. Additionally, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques were employed in the data generation process. It should be noted that the training of regression-tree models and the development of historical maps (2016-2020) utilized a total of 17,536 AIM plots from years 2016 – 2019. For the creation of 2021 maps, 19,415 AIM plots from years 2016 - 2021 were employed, and 2022 maps, 28,901 AIM plots from 2016-2022 were used. In the case of 2016 – 2020 maps, areas above 2250-m elevation and pixels classified other than grassland/herbaceous or shrub (likely rangelands) were masked based on the 2016 National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD). For the 2021 and 2022 maps, areas above 2350-m elevation and pixels classified as other than grassland/herbaceous by the 2019 NLCD were masked. The seed source variable from the Rangeland Analysis Platform (RAP) [Jones et al., 2018]) was used as one of the drivers for modeling of 2016 – 2020 maps but was not utilized for modeling of 2021 and 2022 maps. Additionally, HLS NDWI were not used for 2021 and 2022 maps. All other predictor variables are identical for all sets of maps. For details, please check data quality information section.

These datasets provide early estimates of 2025 fractional cover for exotic annual grass (EAG) species and one native perennial grass species on a weekly basis from mid-April to late June. Typically, the EAG estimates are publicly released within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that version. Each weekly release contains five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps for: 1) a group of 16 species of EAGs, 2) Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum); 3) Field brome (Bromus arvensis); 4) Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae); and 5) Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). These datasets were generated leveraging field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) data plots; Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); other relevant environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers; and artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques. A total of 40,154 AIM plots from years 2016–2024 were used to train an ensemble of five-fold regression-tree models using a cross-validation approach (each observation was used as test data once and as training data four times) that developed all the fractional cover maps. The geographic coverage includes arid and semi-arid rangelands in the western U.S classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2023 Land Cover product from Annual National Land Cover Database (NLCD) CONUS Collection 1.0 at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Maps of April 18th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 12. Maps of April 25th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 19. Maps of May 2nd, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 26. Releases: First Release: April 18, 2025 (ver. 1.0) Revision: April 25, 2025 (ver. 2.0) Third Release: May 2, 2025 (ver. 3.0)

We provide fractional cover estimates for exotic annual grass (EAG) species and one native perennial grass species on a weekly basis from mid-April to late June 2025. The cover estimates reflect actual conditions of the previous week and are released in an expedited manner, within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that weekly prediction. Each weekly release contains five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps. The following 16 species are included in the overall EAG cover estimate (species followed by * indicate specific maps for that species); field brome* (Bromus arvensis), rattlesnake brome (Bromus briziformis), rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus) Bald brome (Bromus commutatus and Bromus racemosus), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus hordeaceus spp. hordeaceus), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), compact brome (Bromus madritensis and Bromus madritensis ssp. Rubens), red brome (Bromus rubens), rye brome (Bromus secalinus), cheatgrass* (Bromus tectorum), Texas brome (Bromus texensis), medusahead* (Taeniatherum caput-medusae). Sandberg blue grass (Poa secunda) is not considered an EAG by this project or included in the EAG layer. We map Poa secunda separately as it can have similar phenology to many invasive grasses such as cheatgrass. These datasets were generated leveraging field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) data plots; Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); other relevant environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers; and artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques. A total of 40,154 AIM plots from years 2016–2024 were used to train an ensemble of five-fold regression-tree models using a cross-validation approach (each observation was used as test data once and as training data four times) that developed all the fractional cover maps. The geographic coverage includes arid and semi-arid rangelands in the western U.S classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2023 Land Cover product from Annual National Land Cover Database (NLCD) CONUS Collection 1.0 at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Maps released on April 18th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 12. Maps released on April 25th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 19. Maps released on May 2nd, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 26. Maps released on May 9th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 3. Maps released on May 16th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 10. Maps released on May 23rd, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 17. Maps released on May 30th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 24. Maps released on June 6th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 30. Maps released on June 24th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than June 1. Maps released on June 20th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than June 14. Releases: First Release: April 18, 2025 (ver. 1.0). Revision: April 25, 2025 (ver. 2.0). Revision: May 2, 2025 (ver. 3.0). Revision: May 9, 2025 (ver. 4.0). Revision: May 16, 2025 (ver. 5.0). Revision: May 22, 2025 (ver. 6.0). Revision: May 30, 2025 (ver. 7.0). Revision: June 6, 2025 (ver. 8.0), Revision: June 24, 2025 (ver. 9.0), note that week 9 was released after week 10. Revision: June 20, 2025 (ver. 10.0).

We provide fractional cover estimates for exotic annual grass (EAG) species and one native perennial grass species on a weekly basis from mid-April to late June 2025. The cover estimates reflect actual conditions of the previous week and are released in an expedited manner, within 7-13 days of the latest satellite observation used for that weekly prediction. Each weekly release contains five fractional cover maps along with their corresponding confidence maps. The following 16 species are included in the overall EAG cover estimate (species followed by * indicate specific maps for that species); field brome* (Bromus arvensis), rattlesnake brome (Bromus briziformis), rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus) Bald brome (Bromus commutatus and Bromus racemosus), ripgut brome (Bromus diandrus), soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus and Bromus hordeaceus spp. hordeaceus), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), compact brome (Bromus madritensis and Bromus madritensis ssp. Rubens), red brome (Bromus rubens), rye brome (Bromus secalinus), cheatgrass* (Bromus tectorum), Texas brome (Bromus texensis), medusahead* (Taeniatherum caput-medusae). Sandberg blue grass (Poa secunda) is not considered an EAG by this project or included in the EAG layer. We map Poa secunda separately as it can have similar phenology to many invasive grasses such as cheatgrass. These datasets were generated leveraging field observations from Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) data plots; Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); other relevant environmental, vegetation, remotely sensed, and geophysical drivers; and artificial intelligence/machine learning techniques. A total of 40,154 AIM plots from years 2016–2024 were used to train an ensemble of five-fold regression-tree models using a cross-validation approach (each observation was used as test data once and as training data four times) that developed all the fractional cover maps. The geographic coverage includes arid and semi-arid rangelands in the western U.S classified as shrubs or grassland/herbaceous by the 2023 Land Cover product from Annual National Land Cover Database (NLCD) CONUS Collection 1.0 at or below 2350-m elevation. Note: Maps of April 18th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 12. Maps of April 25th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 19. Maps of May 2nd, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than April 26. Maps of May 9th, 2025, were developed using satellite observation data no later than May 3. Releases: First Release: April 18, 2025 (ver. 1.0). Revision: April 25, 2025 (ver. 2.0). Revision: May 2, 2025 (ver. 3.0). Revision: May 9, 2025 (ver. 4.0)