In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service(NPS), initiated a study using surrogate technology to predict real-time metallic-contaminant concentrations (MCCs) in the Clark Fork at two USGS streamgages that bracket Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site (GRKO) near Deer Lodge, Montana. Clark Fork at Deer Lodge (streamgage 12324200), Mont., about one mile upstream from GRKO, and Clark Fork above Little Blackfoot River near Garrison (streamgage 12324400), Mont., about 12 miles downstream from GRKO property were instrumented with turbidity and acoustic sensors for monitoring the Clark Fork during NPS Superfund remediation activities. Time-series data from backscatter signals from fixed-point turbidity and acoustic sensors were correlated with discrete MCC samples collected from the Clark Fork and were used as surrogates for estimating real-time cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, and the metalloid trace element arsenic. A stepwise regression approach was used to develop statistical models to predict MCCs based on instantaneous values of turbidity and acoustic backscatter. Simple linear regression (SLR) models using turbidity as the sole explanatory variable produced the best models with R-squared values exceeding 0.90 in 9 of 12 models. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values were used to evaluate the effectiveness of predictive models to approximate measured MCCs, and model biases were calculated as an additional check on model accuracy. The R-LOADEST statistical package was used to compute annual and daily metallic-contaminant loads (MCLs) along with 95-percent prediction intervals. R-LOADEST loads were compared to time-series computed loads to evaluate the applicability of time-series data for calculating daily and annual MCLs. Results from annual load estimates indicated an increase in loads for all metallic contaminants between the two monitoring sites. These results provided real-time information to NPS management for evaluating variation in water quality during Superfund remediation, comparing MCC values relative to aquatic life standards, and will help quantify benefits from NPS remediation activities.

In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, initiated a study using surrogate technology to predict real-time metallic-contaminant concentrations (MCCs) in the Clark Fork at two USGS streamgages that bracket Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site (GRKO) near Deer Lodge, Montana. Clark Fork at Deer Lodge(streamgage 12324200), Mont., about one mile upstream from GRKO, and Clark Fork above Little Blackfoot River near Garrison (streamgage 12324400), Mont., about 12 miles downstream from GRKO property were instrumented with turbidity and acoustic sensors for monitoring the Clark Fork during National Park Service Superfund remediation activities. Time-series data from backscatter signals from fixed-point turbidity and acoustic sensors were correlated with discrete MCC samples collected from the Clark Fork and were used as surrogates for estimating real-time cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, and the metalloid trace element arsenic. A stepwise regression approach was used to develop statistical models to predict MCCs based on instantaneous values of turbidity and acoustic backscatter. Simple linear regression models using turbidity as the sole explanatory variable produced the best models with R-squared values exceeding 0.90 in 9 of 12 models. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values were used to evaluate the effectiveness of predictive models to approximate measured MCCs, and model biases were calculated as an additional check on model accuracy. The R-LOADEST statistical package was used to compute annual and daily metallic-contaminant loads along with 95-percent prediction intervals. R-LOADEST loads were compared to time-series computed loads to evaluate the applicability of time-series data for calculating daily and annual metallic-contaminant loads. Results from annual load estimates indicated an increase in loads for all metallic contaminants between the two monitoring sites. These results provided real-time information to National Park Service management for evaluating variation in water quality during Superfund remediation, comparing MCC values relative to aquatic life standards, and will help quantify benefits from Superfund remediation activities.

Multiple sources of mine drainage including discharge from the abandoned Dinero mine tunnel and two gulches flow into a wetland, known herein as the Dinero wetland along the Lake Fork Creek corridor. The Dinero wetland is approximately 20 acres in extent. The Dinero wetland is being considered as a location for passive treatment of the mine drainage flowing through it. As such, study objectives are to understand: (1) variations in pH, specific conductance, and temperature in surface water in the wetland; (2) metal loading into and out of the wetland; (3) the configuration of surface drainage features; (4) the configuration of subsurface conductive features; and (4) depth to bedrock in the wetland. These data will be used to help understand whether the wetland is currently and naturally treating the mine drainage flowing through it and will help pinpoint locations needing additional investigations to help inform potential passive treatment scenarios. Water quality field parameters (temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen) were measured in the Dinero wetland complex downstream from Sugarloaf gulch, Little Sugarloaf gulch, and Dinero tunnel discharge and locations near and directly at the Nelson tunnel discharge in June 2024. Data were collected from multiple points at existing surface-water drainage channels and at upwelling groundwater/spring locations. A geographic information system was used to prepare maps of the four different parameters to help understand variation in these parameters across the Dinero wetland complex. Waters originating at Nelson Tunnel, Sugarloaf Gulch, and Little Sugarloaf Gulch had depressed pH, elevated specific conductance, and mixed dissolved oxygen and temperature signatures. Waters originating from Dinero tunnel had near neutral pH, moderate temperatures, and elevated specific conductance and dissolved oxygen values. Samples in the northern portion of the wetland had lower specific conductance and dissolved oxygen and greater pH than samples in other portions of the wetland. Temperatures of these sites were generally moderate compared to those in other portions of the wetland. Spring samples had values generally within the range of values for each parameter.

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 through 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and discharge at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO2), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and dissolved oxygen are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv).

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 through 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and discharge at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO2), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and dissolved oxygen are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv).

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying downstream transport of aquatic carbon and exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean discharge, dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fDOM, nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv). First posted June 17, 2021 Revised December 17, 2021

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 through 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and discharge at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO2), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and dissolved oxygen are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv).

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying downstream transport of aquatic carbon and exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean discharge, dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fDOM, nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Water temperature, turbidity, specific conductance, fDOM, corrected fDOM, and discharge values measured at 10–15-minute intervals are presented from 4/27/2011 to 9/30/2017 at two stream sites (UV_data_NandEinlets.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv). First posted June 17, 2021 Revised December 17, 2021 Revised October 11, 2023

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying downstream transport of aquatic carbon and exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean discharge, dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fDOM, nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Water temperature, turbidity, specific conductance, fDOM, corrected fDOM, and discharge values measured at 10–15-minute intervals are presented from 4/27/2011 to 9/30/2017 at two stream sites (UV_data_NandEinlets.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv). First posted June 17, 2021 Revised December 17, 2021 Revised October 11, 2023

This data release contains water-quality and discharge data collected at seven stream sites and one groundwater spring in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 using in-situ sensors and field meters. Data were collected for the purpose of quantifying downstream transport of aquatic carbon and exchange fluxes of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) from streams. Parameters include daily mean discharge, dissolved CO₂, water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM from 10/1/2010 to 9/30/2019 (DailyData.csv). Hourly mean dissolved CO₂, CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂), water temperature, atmospheric pressure, dissolved oxygen, fDOM, nitrate, specific conductance, turbidity, and corrected fDOM are presented from 10/1/2016 to 9/30/2017 at one of the stream sites (AndrewsHourlyData.csv). Water temperature, turbidity, specific conductance, fDOM, corrected fDOM, and discharge values measured at 10–15-minute intervals are presented from 4/27/2011 to 9/30/2017 at two stream sites (UV_data_NandEinlets.csv). Discrete measurements of dissolved CO₂ are presented for hyporheic samples collected at one site during 2000 (AndrewsHyporheicData.csv) and for a synoptic survey of groundwater springs conducted during summer 2018 (SpringsData.csv). First posted June 17, 2021 Revised December 17, 2021 Revised October 11, 2023