This simulated ecosystem carbon dataset is used to report terrestrial carbon balance of the Nisqually River basin in the Ecological Modelling paper "Modeling watershed carbon dynamics as affected by land cover change and soil erosion" The data is derived from simulations of the LUCAS model. Annual carbon variables of 2017 at 30m spatial resolution with 2426 rows and 2459 columns. Carbon stock and flux units are in kgC/m2 and kgC/m2/yr, respectively. Data are in tif format and Albers equal area projection. Overall data creation steps: 1. The pIBIS model was used to generate annual carbon parameters of typical ecosystems. 2. The USPED model was used to generate annual soil erosion and deposition maps as affected by land cover change. 3. The LUCAS model was used to run simulations using outputs of USPED, pIBIS, and LCMAP data; 4. Model outputs were summarized as annual numbers, spatial data were saved in GeoTiff format; Variable List: aynpptot – net primary productivity of 2017 (flog_127.it1.ts2017_aynpptot.tif, 0.02-1.13 kgC/m2/yr); cbiotot - total biomass carbon of 2017 (stkg_101.it1.ts2017_cbiotot.tif, 0.0-22.72 kgC/m2); totcsoi – total soil carbon of 2017 (stkg_106.it1.ts2017_totcsoi.tif, 2.48-99.43 kgC/m2); ED – total ecosystem soil carbon erosion and deposition of 2017 (stkg_103.it1.ts2017_ED.tif, -1.20-1.20 kgC/m2/yr).

This simulated ecosystem carbon dataset is used to report terrestrial carbon budget of the conterminous U.S. in the Golobal Change Biology paper "Critical land change information enhances understanding of carbon balance in the U.S." The data is derived from simulations of the parallel Integrated Biosphere simulator (pIBIS). Annual carbon variables cover 1971-2015 at 1-km (960m) spatial resolution with 3052 rows and 4823 columns. Carbon stock and flux units are in kgC/m2 and kgC/m2/yr, respectively. Data are in NetCDF format and Albers equal area projection. Overall data creation steps: 1. The pIBIS model was used to run simulations using climate, vegetation, soil and disturbance input data; 2. Model outputs were converted to NetCDF format; 3. 1971-2015 subsets were clipped from original 1901-2015 simulation outputs. Variable List: aynbp – net biome productivity; ayneetot – net ecosystem productivity; aynpptot – net primary productivity; totceco – total ecosystem carbon. NoData Value: -3.40282346639e+038

This simulated ecosystem carbon dataset is derived from simulations of the parallel Integrated Biosphere simulator (pIBIS). Annual carbon variables cover 1971-2015 at 1-km (960m) spatial resolution with 3052 rows and 4823 columns. Carbon stock and flux units are in kgC/m2 and kgC/m2/yr, respectively. Data are in NetCDF format and Albers equal area projection. Overall data creation steps: 1. The pIBIS model was used to run simulations using climate, vegetation, soil and disturbance input data; 2. Model outputs were converted to NetCDF format; 3. 1971-2015 subsets were clipped from original 1901-2015 simulation outputs. Variable List: aynbp – annual net biome productivity ayneetot – net ecosystem productivity aynpptot – net primary productivity cdisturb – carbon removals not detected from remote sensing, such as thinning logging – annual carbon removals from logging stddown – forest standing and down dead wood totceco – total ecosystem carbon totcsoi -- total organic soil carbon totlit – total litter carbon vegcomb – annual carbon loss due to direct vegetation combustion NoData Value: -3.40282346639e+038

Estimating ecosystem carbon (C) balance relative to natural disturbances and land management strengthens our understanding of the benefits and tradeoffs of carbon sequestration. We conducted a historic model simulation of net ecosystem C balance in the Great Dismal Swamp, VA. for the 30-year time period of 1985-2015. The historic simulation of annual carbon flux was calculated with the Land Use and Carbon Scenario Simulator (LUCAS) model. The LUCAS model utilizes a state-and-transition simulation model coupled with a carbon stock-flow accounting model to estimate net ecosystem C balance, and long term sequestration rates under various ecological conditions and management strategies. The historic model simulation uses age-structured forest growth curves for four forest species, C stock and flow rates for 8 pools and 14 fluxes, and known data for disturbance and management. The annualized results of C biomass are provided in this data release in the following categories: Growth, Heterotrophic Respiration (Rh), Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), Net Biome Production (NBP), Below-ground Biomass (BGB) Stock, Above-ground Biomass (AGB) Stock, AGB Carbon Loss from Fire, BGB Carbon Loss from Fire, Deadwood Carbon Loss from Management, and Total Carbon Loss. The table also includes the area (annually) of each forest type in hectares: Atlantic white cedar Area (hectares); Cypress-gum Area (hectares); Maple-gum Area (hectares); Pond pine Area (hectares). Net ecosystem production for the Great Dismal Swamp (~ 54,000 ha), from 1985 to 2015 was estimated to be a net sink of 0.97 Tg C. When the hurricane and six historic fire events were modeled, the Great Dismal Swamp became a net source of 0.89 Tg C. The cumulative above and belowground C loss estimated from the South One in 2008 and Lateral West fire in 2011 totaled 1.70 Tg C, while management activities removed an additional 0.01 Tg C. The C loss in below-ground biomass alone totaled 1.38 Tg C, with the balance (0.31 Tg C) coming from above-ground biomass and detritus. The LUCAS model is free and available to download (see source metadata) and can be used for multiple spatial and temporal scales. For detailed information about the methodology and input parameters, please refer to the journal article, Sleeter, R., Sleeter, B., Williams, B., Hogan, D., Hawbaker, T., Zhu Z., 2017, A Carbon Balance Model for the Great Dismal Swamp Ecosystem, Carbon Balance and Management xxxx.

A process-driven biogeochemistry model, Wetland Carbon Assessment Tool - DeNitrification-DeComposition model (WCAT-DNDC) was validated and applied to examine the responses of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the Lake Maurepas swamp forests under dry (2011), normal (2019), and wet (2021) conditions, SLR (low 0.27 m and high 0.50 m over the next 50 years), and a Mississippi River (MR) diversion with various hydrologic and salinity regimes. Model simulations were conducted at twelve Coastwide Reference Monitoring System (CRMS) sites that were classified as three habitats (throughput, relict, and degraded) inside the Lake Maurepas swamp forests.

This dataset provides modeled estimates of annual nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions at a coarse geographic scale (0.5 x 0.5 degree) for two sets of global rivers and streams covering the period of 1900-2016. Emissions (g N2O-N/yr) are provided for higher-order rivers and streams (>=4th order) and headwater streams (<4th order). The estimates were derived from a water transport model, the Model for Scale Adaptive River Transport (MOSART), coupled with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to link hydrology and ecosystem processes pertaining to N2O flux and transport. Factors driving the model included climate, land use and land cover, and nitrogen inputs (i.e., fertilizer, deposition, manure, and sewage). Nitrogen discharges from streams and rivers to the ocean were calibrated from observations from 50 river basins across the globe.

Simulated model output for the figures in the associated publication. Data are SWAT model simulation results for different scenarios of land-use change and climate change (Temp and Precip, Carbon Dioxide). The results are for two simulated watersheds in the Neuse River basin in North Carolina, USA. These are the raw data used to develop the figures in the paper. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Gabriel , M., C. Knightes , E. Cooter , and R. Dennis. Evaluating relative sensitivity of SWAT-simulated nitrogen discharge to projected climate and land cover changes for two watersheds in North Carolina, USA. Hydrological Processes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Indianapolis, IN, USA, online, (2015).

In this study, we determined the carbon balance in the Great Dismal Swamp, a large forested peatland in the southeastern USA, which has been drained for over two hundred years and now is being restored through hydrologic management. We modeled future net ecosystem carbon balance over 100 years (2012 to 2112) using in situ field observations paired with simulations of water-table depth. The three scenarios used in the model were baseline conditions, flooded/wet conditions, and drained/dry conditions, which represent a range of potential management actions and climate conditions at the Great Dismal Swamp. This U.S. Geological Survey Data Release provides the modeled output estimating the net ecosystem carbon balance, on an annual time-step, from 2012 through 2112, for each scenario. The U.S. Geological Survey modeling framework is referred to as the Land Use and Carbon Scenario Simulator (LUCAS), which uses a state-and-transition simulation model coupled with a carbon stock-flow model. The model operates within an open source software environment (SyncroSim) to annually track changes in vegetation (i.e., cedar, maple-gum and pine-pocosin) and their corresponding carbon stocks. The modeled output for each scenario is provided in a tabular format (csv).

This dataset provides tabular data output from a series of modeling simulations for forest ecosystems of the U.S. state of California under different initial conditions scenarios. We used the LUCAS state and transition simulation model with carbon stocks and fluxes based on the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3) to simulate changes in forest ecosystem carbon balance resulting from historical land use and land cover change, annual climate variability, and disturbance from wildfire and drought-induced forest die-off. The model was run at a 1-km spatial resolution on an annual timestep for the years 1985 to 2020. We simulated 36 initial conditions scenarios based on unique combinations of spatial datasets used to define forest extent, forest composition and forest age at the beginning of the simulation period. Results presented here have been aggregated from the individual grid cell level and summarized for the entire state of California.

This dataset contains the result of simulated daily emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from the soils in Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands (TFFW) along the Waccamaw River (SC, USA) and the Savannah River (GA and SC, USA) under drought-induced saltwater intrusion using a process-driven biogeochemistry model.