This dataset presents high-resolution thermal infrared (TIR) and true-color RGB (red, green, blue) imagery mosaics, longitudinal stream temperature profiles, thermal points of interest, and river centerlines from airborne surveys of the Quillayute, Dickey, Sol Duc, Calawah, South Fork Calawah, Sitkum, and Bogachiel Rivers (203 river kilometers; 126 river miles total). All datasets were produced and initially processed by NV5 Geospatial (NV5). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) performed additional processing of the longitudinal stream temperature profiles and thermal points of interest, as described below. TIR and RGB images were acquired by NV5 on August 29-31, 2022, using a FLIR SC6000 LWIR sensor and a Sony Alpha 7R III camera mounted in a fiberglass enclosure to a Bell 206 Long Range helicopter. Images were acquired during afternoon hours to maximize the thermal contrast between the river water and the banks. At a flying altitude of 350-450 m (1,148-1,476 ft) above ground level, the FLIR SC6000 and Sony Alpha 7R III achieved ground sampling distances of less than 50 cm (20 in.) and 10 cm (4 in.), respectively. TIR imagery mosaics (.tif) for individual surveys and a single RGB imagery mosaic (.sid) for the entire study area were developed by NV5, and river centerlines (.shp) were manually digitized by NV5 using the imagery mosaics as guides. Points were then generated by NV5 every 50 m (164 ft) along the centerlines to quantify the longitudinal stream temperature profiles (LTPs; .shp). Summary statistics, in degrees Celsius, were computed by NV5 for each point in the profile by sampling pixel values of water temperature along the centerline in the corresponding TIR mosaic within a 2-m (6.56 ft) radius buffer around each point. The statistical information was used by USGS to identify sampling points that fall on non-water features such as boulders or bridges, and then filter these points from the final dataset. LTPs assist in identifying the water temperature gradient in the river and changes in the gradient due to the potential influence of thermal exchange processes, such as water inflows (tributaries, lateral groundwater flow, hyporheic flow, etc.) or increased heating from a low percentage of effective riparian shading. These profiles are also an important component of models that estimate water temperature based on climate and land use scenarios. Thermal points of interest (POIs; .shp) were manually identified by NV5 and USGS across the channel, riparian zone, and floodplain. Such features include cold-water anomalies that may represent thermal refuges and serve as salmonid habitat. POIs were classified by USGS as one of four types: (1) tributary; (2) lateral groundwater / side channel / small tributary; (3) hyporheic / diffuse groundwater; or (4) point source effluent. Summary statistics were computed by USGS for each POI using a sample of water temperature values from pixels in the corresponding TIR mosaic within a 0.6-m (1.97 ft) radius buffer around each point. The automated sampling of the POIs included pixels that are not purely water, but instead mixed with other in-stream and riparian features, such as boulders, woody debris, and tree canopy. Therefore, the water temperatures reported for POIs where the 0.6-m radius sampling area contains mixed pixels are often skewed. The POI temperatures should thus serve as indicators where thermal heterogeneity requires additional investigation and potentially more precise quantification. All data is projected in UTM 10N and the horizontal datum is NAD83(2011).

This dataset presents high-resolution thermal infrared (TIR) and true-color RGB (red, green, blue) imagery mosaics, longitudinal stream temperature profiles, thermal points of interest, and river centerlines from airborne surveys of the Quillayute, Dickey, Sol Duc, Calawah, South Fork Calawah, Sitkum, and Bogachiel Rivers (203 river kilometers; 126 river miles total). All datasets were produced and initially processed by NV5 Geospatial (NV5). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) performed additional processing of the longitudinal stream temperature profiles and thermal points of interest, as described below. TIR and RGB images were acquired by NV5 on August 29-31, 2022, using a FLIR SC6000 LWIR sensor and a Sony Alpha 7R III camera mounted in a fiberglass enclosure to a Bell 206 Long Range helicopter. Images were acquired during afternoon hours to maximize the thermal contrast between the river water and the banks. At a flying altitude of 350-450 m (1,148-1,476 ft) above ground level, the FLIR SC6000 and Sony Alpha 7R III achieved ground sampling distances of less than 50 cm (20 in.) and 10 cm (4 in.), respectively. TIR imagery mosaics (.tif) for individual surveys and a single RGB imagery mosaic (.sid) for the entire study area were developed by NV5, and river centerlines (.shp) were manually digitized by NV5 using the imagery mosaics as guides. Points were then generated by NV5 every 50 m (164 ft) along the centerlines to quantify the longitudinal stream temperature profiles (LTPs; .shp). Summary statistics, in degrees Celsius, were computed by NV5 for each point in the profile by sampling pixel values of water temperature along the centerline in the corresponding TIR mosaic within a 2-m (6.56 ft) radius buffer around each point. The statistical information was used by USGS to identify sampling points that fall on non-water features such as boulders or bridges, and then filter these points from the final dataset. LTPs assist in identifying the water temperature gradient in the river and changes in the gradient due to the potential influence of thermal exchange processes, such as water inflows (tributaries, lateral groundwater flow, hyporheic flow, etc.) or increased heating from a low percentage of effective riparian shading. These profiles are also an important component of models that estimate water temperature based on climate and land use scenarios. Thermal points of interest (POIs; .shp) were manually identified by NV5 and USGS across the channel, riparian zone, and floodplain. Such features include cold-water anomalies that may represent thermal refuges and serve as salmonid habitat. POIs were classified by USGS as one of four types: (1) tributary; (2) lateral groundwater / side channel / small tributary; (3) hyporheic / diffuse groundwater; or (4) point source effluent. Summary statistics were computed by USGS for each POI using a sample of water temperature values from pixels in the corresponding TIR mosaic within a 0.6-m (1.97 ft) radius buffer around each point. The automated sampling of the POIs included pixels that are not purely water, but instead mixed with other in-stream and riparian features, such as boulders, woody debris, and tree canopy. Therefore, the water temperatures reported for POIs where the 0.6-m radius sampling area contains mixed pixels are often skewed. The POI temperatures should thus serve as indicators where thermal heterogeneity requires additional investigation and potentially more precise quantification. All data is projected in UTM 10N and the horizontal datum is NAD83(2011).

This dataset includes stream temperature data from 34 sites in the Donner und Blitzen basin of SE Oregon. Data loggers were deployed in September of 2018 and downloaded each subsequent summer/fall through 2021. The EcoDrought_Temperature file contains temperature data (in C°) by logger serial number and site for the study period. The EcoDrought_Points spatial data layer contains site locations, geographic information, data summaries, mean August stream temperatures, and modeled NorWeST stream temperatures. The EcoDrought_Wet_Dry delineation file contains daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature data for each site. The EcoDrought_Site_Visit file contains the date and time of the site visit along with associated information on site flow conditions, water depths, logger conditions, and stream logger water depths.

This dataset includes stream temperature data from 34 sites in the Donner und Blitzen basin of SE Oregon. Data loggers were deployed in September of 2018 and downloaded each subsequent summer/fall through 2021. The EcoDrought_Temperature file contains temperature data (in C°) by logger serial number and site for the study period. The EcoDrought_Points spatial data layer contains site locations, geographic information, data summaries, mean August stream temperatures, and modeled NorWeST stream temperatures. The EcoDrought_Wet_Dry delineation file contains daily flow status estimates derived from stream temperature data for each site. The EcoDrought_Site_Visit file contains the date and time of the site visit along with associated information on site flow conditions, water depths, logger conditions, and stream logger water depths.

This dataset includes georeferenced high-resolution, airborne thermal infrared (TIR) imagery, a polyline shapefile of the channel centerline, and a tabular file with longitudinal stream temperature profiles for Hat Creek, California. The two aerial TIR surveys were conducted with a helicopter by NV5 Geospatial (formerly Quantum Spatial, Inc.) and are published as two raster mosaics in GeoTiff format with a resolution of 0.5 m. The TIR mosaics and longitudinal stream temperature profiles contain corrected surface temperatures in degrees C (multiplied by 10 to create an unsigned integer pixel type). The TIR dataset encompasses a 64.6-km reach of Hat Creek that extends from 50 m upstream of the confluence with Lost Creek to 50 m downstream of the confluence with the Pit River. The TIR surveys were collected during the afternoon of August 24, 2018, and the morning of August 25, 2018. The two TIR surveys were calibrated using continuous temperature loggers deployed at 12 in-stream locations distributed longitudinally throughout the survey area. A channel centerline was manually digitized within a geographic information system (GIS), and stream temperatures for longitudinal profiles were automatically sampled along the channel centerline from the TIR imagery. Sampled temperatures for the longitudinal profiles were manually filtered to remove measurements of non-water surfaces. The stream temperatures were plotted against channel distance upstream from the mouth of Hat Creek to create longitudinal stream temperature profiles, which were used to interpret groundwater discharge patterns.

An initial reconnaissance survey in March 2016 and a subsequent survey in July 2016 was conducted to identify possible groundwater discharge points along the stream reach using a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera in seasonal extremes. The high-resolution thermal imaging camera captures the emitted infrared radiation of the objects in view. Recent studies using similar ground-based thermal infrared imaging techniques have been successful in qualitatively locating groundwater discharge along discrete features, such as fractures and faults, as well as diffuse seepage along stream banks (Deitchman and Loheide, 2009; Pandey and others, 2013). Sites of interest were those where temperature differences were observed between the stream surface and points of streambank inflow, more specifically where warmer groundwater was observed flowing from the streambank into the relatively cooler stream during the winter and cooler groundwater entering the relatively warmer stream during the summer.

The Quillayute River Basin in northwestern Washington consists of the Quillayute River and the river systems of its major tributaries, the Dickey, Sol Duc, and Bogachiel Rivers. With a drainage area of 629 square miles, the Quillayute River Basin provides important habitat for 23 distinct runs of anadromous steelhead and salmon, representing one of the largest and most productive watersheds on the Washington coast (Nelson, 1982; Hunter, 2006). The Quileute Tribe maintains treaty-protected fisheries at usual and accustomed areas in the Quillayute River Basin; however, these fisheries are currently at risk during the late summer as water temperatures within these areas may exceed the specific thermal tolerances of salmonids and other cold-water aquatic species. To inform the planning and prioritization of projects that aim to improve the availability of cold-water habitat in the Quillayute River Basin, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Quileute Tribe and Wild Salmon Center, utilized various methods to characterize the late-summer water temperature dynamics of the Quillayute River Basin. These study components and their corresponding objectives included the following: - Thermal infrared surveys to map and profile water surface temperatures and identify thermal points of interest in the Quillayute River and its major tributaries (126 river miles total). - Paired air-stream temperature analysis to evaluate the groundwater influence and thermal sensitivity of 11 sites within the Quillayute River Basin. Repeated longitudinal near-surface and near-bottom water temperature float surveys to locate temperature changes indicative of groundwater discharge and assess the tidal influence on water temperatures along the right edge, left edge, and center of the Quillayute River (20 surveys total) - Models of groundwater-surface water exchange using streambed sediment temperature data at 6 sites in the lower Quillayute River and 13 sites in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. - Cross-sectional profiles of water temperature and specific conductance to support interpretation of continuous water temperature records collected in the Quillayute River oxbow ponds. The data from these study components are included in the Child Items of this Data Release. In addition to the data presented herein, continuous water temperature data at ten sites representing deep pools in the Quillayute River and Quillayute River oxbow ponds were collected and published on the USGS National Water Information System (USGS, 2024a-e, g-k) as part of this study, along with river stage data at an additional site on the Quillayute River (USGS, 2024f). At each of the ten pool sites water temperature was collected at two to three depths in the water column to assess thermal stratification and the potential effect of tides and groundwater discharge. A forthcoming USGS Scientific Investigations Report will provide interpretation of all data published for this study. References Cited: Hunter, J.W., 2006, Quillayute Watershed Prioritized Salmon Restoration Projects: Quileute Natural Resources, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://quileutenation.org/natural-resources/salmon-restoration/. Nelson, L.M., 1982, Streamflow and sediment transport in the Quillayute River basin, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-627, 33 p. [Also available online at https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr82627] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024a, USGS 475408124342701 Quillayute River Oxbow Hockey Pond nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System database, accessed May 29, 2024, at https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN. [Site information directly accessible at https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/uv?site_no=475408124342701.] U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 2024b, USGS 475413124351219 Quillayute R Oxbow Long Pond South nr La Push, WA, in USGS water data for the Nation: U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information

This data release combines seven airborne thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data sets of stream temperature collected along the mainstem of the Middle Fork John Day River (MFJD) in Oregon from 1994 to 2003. Years 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, and 2002 have single datasets. Year 2003 has two data sets. Most of the TIR data covered the upstream half of the MFJD mainstem between river km 50 and 110, while the 2002 profile covers the lower half starting at the confluence of the MFJD with the North Fork John Day River through river kilometer 64. All TIR data sets were collected by helicopter in an upstream direction in August with the intent of capturing data at or near the maximum summer daily stream temperature. Ground-truthing and calibration of the TIR remote sensing surveys were conducted with continuous in-stream temperature loggers deployed longitudinally throughout the survey area. TIR imagery of the main stem and tributary junctions was processed, sampled, and summarized in “temperature profiles” that extend longitudinally along the mainstem MFJD for each data set and are composed of individual temperature observations along that longitudinal transect.

The U.S. Geological Survey collected low-altitude (typically 200-350 ft als) airborne thermal infrared, multispectral, and visual imagery data via a multirotor, small unoccupied aircraft system deployed along beaver-impacted sections of the East River and Coal Creek stream corridors, near the town of Crested Butte, CO. Visual imagery was collected in jpg format, and the images were compiled automatically into a larger stitched image (orthomosaic). Structure from Motion techniques were also applied to the visual imagery to derive time-specific digital surface models (DSM). Thermal infrared still images were collected in jpg and radiometric tiff formats, while multispectral data were collected in tif format. Although not done yet here, multispectral and thermal data can be compiled into orthomosaics and DSMs in a similar manner to visible light imagery.

The U.S. Geological Survey collected low-altitude (typically 200-350 ft als) airborne thermal infrared, multispectral, and visual imagery data via a multirotor, small unoccupied aircraft system deployed along beaver-impacted sections of the East River and Coal Creek stream corridors, near the town of Crested Butte, CO. Visual imagery was collected in jpg format, and the images were compiled automatically into a larger stitched image (orthomosaic). Structure from Motion techniques were also applied to the visual imagery to derive time-specific digital surface models (DSM). Thermal infrared still images were collected in jpg and radiometric tiff formats, while multispectral data were collected in tif format. Although not done yet here, multispectral and thermal data can be compiled into orthomosaics and DSMs in a similar manner to visible light imagery.