This data release provides 64 forecasted water budget simulations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2019 to 2055. Gridded daily data (1-kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (potential groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, interception, runoff, runoff outside (runoff that cannot be routed downslope), irrigation, actual evapotranspiration, minimum and maximum temperatures, and gross precipitation. The gridded representations of water budget components are output from USGS Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model (Nielsen and Westenbroek, 2023; Westenbroek and Nielsen, 2023) simulations in netcdf4 format, and all water budget components are in inches. The precipitation, maximum air temperature, and minimum air temperature data used as climatic input to the SWB model application were derived from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) projections (Brekke and others, 2013), downscaled using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA; Pierce and others, 2014) to a 1/16 degree spatial resolution. The SWB model produced output based on 64 CMIP5 climate projections, half of which are Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and half of which are RCP 8.5 greenhouse gas concentration trajectories. All 64 forecasted climate model outputs can be accessed through the child items: RCP_4_5 and RCP_8_5. Outputs for each climate model scenario are housed in a zipped folder named after the respective climate scenario. Each zipped folder contains ten files: actual_et__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, gross_precipitation__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, interception__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, irrigation__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, net_infiltration__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, rejected_net_infiltration__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, runoff__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, runoff_outside__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, tmax__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc, and tmin__2019-01-01_to_2055-12-31__989_by_661.nc. Further details about the SWB model used to produce the water budget forecasts can be found in Nielsen and Westenbroek (2023).

This item provides water budget simulations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2000 to 2020. Gridded daily data (1 kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (water that might become groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, actual evapotranspiration and gross precipitation The model output files are in netcdf4 format and all water budget components are in inches. The net infiltration, rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, and actual evapotranspiration data sets are from simulations done with the USGS SWB model (version 2; Westenbroek and others, 2018). The precipitation and temperature data used as input for the SWB model application are derived from PRISM Climate products (PRISM Climate Group, 2020). Further details about this application of the SWB model can be found in the related primary publication.

This item provides water budget simulations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2000 to 2020. Gridded daily data (1 kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (water that might become groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, actual evapotranspiration and gross precipitation The model output files are in netcdf4 format and all water budget components are in inches. The net infiltration, rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, and actual evapotranspiration data sets are from simulations done with the USGS SWB model (version 2; Westenbroek and others, 2018). The precipitation and temperature data used as input for the SWB model application are derived from PRISM Climate products (PRISM Climate Group, 2020). Further details about this application of the SWB model can be found in the related primary publication.

These netCDF output files from the Soil-Water-Balance Model contain daily calculations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System model domain of irrigation, net infiltration (recharge), runoff, soil moisture storage, and actual evapotranspiration amounts for the years 2000 to 2018 and gross precipitation as read from DayMet and processed through the USGS Soil-Water-Balance Model v.2.0 (Westenbroek and others, 2018). Input files used in the SWB run included agricultural land use as estimated by Brown and Pervez (2014) and provided by the USDA National Agricultural Statitical Service and soil properties derived from NRCS gSSURGO and STATSGO data (Wieczorek, 2014). Calculations were driven by DayMet version 3 daily precipitation and air temperatures (Thornton and others, 2018). Further details about the generation and application of the data can be found in Open File Report 2021-1008 (https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211008). These data are extracted from the model output contained in the companion model archive data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P98PBR8O.

These netCDF output files from the Soil-Water-Balance Model contain daily calculations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System model domain of irrigation, net infiltration (recharge), runoff, soil moisture storage, and actual evapotranspiration amounts for the years 2000 to 2018 and gross precipitation as read from DayMet and processed through the USGS Soil-Water-Balance Model v.2.0 (Westenbroek and others, 2018). Input files used in the SWB run included agricultural land use as estimated by Brown and Pervez (2014) and provided by the USDA National Agricultural Statitical Service and soil properties derived from NRCS gSSURGO and STATSGO data (Wieczorek, 2014). Calculations were driven by DayMet version 3 daily precipitation and air temperatures (Thornton and others, 2018). Further details about the generation and application of the data can be found in Open File Report 2021-1008 (https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211008). These data are extracted from the model output contained in the companion model archive data release: https://doi.org/10.5066/P98PBR8O.

This model archive provides input and output for Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) models developed for the Central Sands Lake study in central Wisconsin; this archive supplements the technical appendix in a report to the Wisconsin State Legislature written by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) in response to 2017 Wisconsin Act 10. This legislation directed DNR to determine whether existing and potential groundwater withdrawals are causing or are likely to cause significant reduction of mean seasonal water levels at Pleasant Lake, Long Lake, and Plainfield Lake (s. 281.34(7m)(2)(b), Wis. Stats.) in Waushara County, Wisconsin. The Soil-Water-Balance code (Westenbroek and others, 2018) partitions precipitation into rainfall and snowmelt, simulates the change in soil moisture within the root zone of crops and other vegetation, and estimates potential crop irrigation water requirements based on the needs of the vegetation. The amount of water escaping the root zone of plants (net infiltration or potential recharge) and the estimated crop water demand were fed into a related groundwater flow model in order to evaluate how landscape-level changes in crop type and irrigation requirements end up affecting groundwater and lake levels over time. The associated groundwater flow model is contained in a separate ScienceBase archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVFSGJ). The period of 2012-2018 was used for parameter estimation (synonymously referred to as "history matching") for the groundwater models. This time period was chosen because it includes the most complete water use records to simulate groundwater withdrawals. The SWB2 model run for this period (called 'regional' under the directory that contains simulation scenarios, run at a resolution of 100m) was used to supply only net infiltration (potential recharge) values to the groundwater flow model. History matching was performed using groundwater elevations, lake stages, and streamflow observations over the 2012-2018 time period and processed observations derived from those raw data. A set of lower-resolution (200m) scenario runs were made to support the WDNR in their charge to evaluate the impact of water withdrawals on lake elevations. Three scenarios were created, driven by daily weather data as estimated by PRISM data (PRISM Climate Group, 2020) spanning the period 1981 to 2018. These scenarios, although based on real daily weather data, rely on three synthetic sets of input data and therefore should not be viewed as representing any specific time period. The scenarios represent: 1) 'current irrigation', in which land-use patterns and irrigation mask inputs are statistically generated based on the current frequency of crop rotations; 2) 'no irrigation, pre-development land-use', in which agricultural lands are converted to some non-irrigated agriculture or other non-agricultural land-use; 3) 'full development', where all lands with potential use for agricultural purposes (appropriate drainage and slope, for example) are converted to land-use and irrigation masks in a manner similar to scenario 1 development. The assumptions behind the scenario generation are detailed in Fienen and others, 2021.

This model archive provides input and output for Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) models developed for the Central Sands Lake study in central Wisconsin; this archive supplements the technical appendix in a report to the Wisconsin State Legislature written by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) in response to 2017 Wisconsin Act 10. This legislation directed DNR to determine whether existing and potential groundwater withdrawals are causing or are likely to cause significant reduction of mean seasonal water levels at Pleasant Lake, Long Lake, and Plainfield Lake (s. 281.34(7m)(2)(b), Wis. Stats.) in Waushara County, Wisconsin. The Soil-Water-Balance code (Westenbroek and others, 2018) partitions precipitation into rainfall and snowmelt, simulates the change in soil moisture within the root zone of crops and other vegetation, and estimates potential crop irrigation water requirements based on the needs of the vegetation. The amount of water escaping the root zone of plants (net infiltration or potential recharge) and the estimated crop water demand were fed into a related groundwater flow model in order to evaluate how landscape-level changes in crop type and irrigation requirements end up affecting groundwater and lake levels over time. The associated groundwater flow model is contained in a separate ScienceBase archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BVFSGJ). The period of 2012-2018 was used for parameter estimation (synonymously referred to as "history matching") for the groundwater models. This time period was chosen because it includes the most complete water use records to simulate groundwater withdrawals. The SWB2 model run for this period (called 'regional' under the directory that contains simulation scenarios, run at a resolution of 100m) was used to supply only net infiltration (potential recharge) values to the groundwater flow model. History matching was performed using groundwater elevations, lake stages, and streamflow observations over the 2012-2018 time period and processed observations derived from those raw data. A set of lower-resolution (200m) scenario runs were made to support the WDNR in their charge to evaluate the impact of water withdrawals on lake elevations. Three scenarios were created, driven by daily weather data as estimated by PRISM data (PRISM Climate Group, 2020) spanning the period 1981 to 2018. These scenarios, although based on real daily weather data, rely on three synthetic sets of input data and therefore should not be viewed as representing any specific time period. The scenarios represent: 1) 'current irrigation', in which land-use patterns and irrigation mask inputs are statistically generated based on the current frequency of crop rotations; 2) 'no irrigation, pre-development land-use', in which agricultural lands are converted to some non-irrigated agriculture or other non-agricultural land-use; 3) 'full development', where all lands with potential use for agricultural purposes (appropriate drainage and slope, for example) are converted to land-use and irrigation masks in a manner similar to scenario 1 development. The assumptions behind the scenario generation are detailed in Fienen and others, 2021.

This item provides a complete model archive for an application of the Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model code to simulate water budget components of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2000 to 2020. All necessary data, model code, and model input files are provided so the simulations can be recreated. Gridded model outputs that were the basis for the primary publication are also provided. Gridded daily data (1 kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (water that might become groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, actual evapotranspiration and gross precipitation Simulations were done with the USGS SWB model (version 2; Westenbroek and others, 2018). The precipitation and temperature data used as input for the SWB model application are derived from PRISM Climate products (PRISM Climate Group, 2020). Further details about this application of the SWB model can be found in the related primary publication

This item provides Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model output and a model archive of water budget simulations for the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2000 to 2020. Gridded daily data (1 kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (water that might become groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, actual evapotranspiration and gross precipitation The model output files are in netcdf format and all water budget components are in inches. The net infiltration, rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, and actual evapotranspiration data sets are from simulations done with the USGS SWB model (version 2; Westenbroek and others, 2018). The precipitation and temperature data used as input for the SWB model application are derived from the PRISM group (http://prism.oregonstate.edu/; Daly and others, 1994). Further details about this application of the SWB model can be found in the related primary publication.The primary publication can be accessed through links in the related external resources section below. There are two child items: one with daily netcdf model output and one with a Soil-Water-Balance model archive. These data provide updates to previously published estimates for 2000 to 2018 in https://doi.org/10.5066/P98PBR8O and https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U484X5.

This item provides a complete model archive for an application of the Soil-Water-Balance (SWB) model code to simulate water budget components of the Mississippi Embayment Regional Aquifer System (MERAS) during the period 2000 to 2020. All necessary data, model code, and model input files are provided so the simulations can be recreated. Gridded model outputs that were the basis for the primary publication are also provided. Gridded daily data (1 kilometer resolution) include net infiltration (water that might become groundwater recharge), rejected net infiltration, runoff, irrigation, actual evapotranspiration and gross precipitation Simulations were done with the USGS SWB model (version 2; Westenbroek and others, 2018). The precipitation and temperature data used as input for the SWB model application are derived from PRISM Climate products (PRISM Climate Group, 2020). Further details about this application of the SWB model can be found in the related primary publication