This dataset consists of surface measurements of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), pH on total scale, water temperature, salinity, and other variables in the Casco Bay, Gulf of Maine from 2015-04-23 to 2020-06-12. The central goal of this project was to install continuous monitoring sensors in Casco Bay to measure ocean and coastal acidification parameters at high temporal resolution. The system was installed at the Southern Maine Community College (SMCC) pier in South Portland, Maine. The pier is located in the Portland Channel, an important southern outlet of Casco Bay, and near outlets of the Fore and Presumpscot rivers in a relatively urban area of Casco Bay. This location was selected because it is nearshore, accessible, and has historic nutrient data collected by the Friends of Casco Bay. Sensors for temperature/conductivity/salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and pCO2 were mounted to a ‘lander’ frame, which was lowered via davit to the bottom. Sensor data were thus collected approximately 1m from the bottom, and at varying depth depending on the tide.

This dataset includes Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 2, a synthesis product of the surface water fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) for the global oceans and coastal seas from 1968-11-16 to 2011-12-31. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an international effort, supported by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program (IMBER), to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database.

More than 3 million measurements of surface water partial pressure of CO2 obtained over the global oceans during 1968 to 2006 are listed in the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory database, which includes open ocean and coastal water measurements. The data assembled include only those measured by equilibrator CO2 analyzer systems and have been quality-controlled based on the stability of the system performance, the reliability of calibrations for CO2 analysis, and the internal consistency of data. Versions up to 2007 are included in this dataset

Climatological mean monthly distributions of pH in the total H+ scale, total CO2 concentration (TCO2), and the degree of CaCO3 saturation for the global surface ocean waters (excluding coastal areas) are calculated using a data set for pCO2, alkalinity and nutrient concentrations in surface waters (depths less than 50 m), which is built upon the GLODAP, CARINA and LDEO database. The mutual consistency among these measured parameters is demonstrated using the inorganic carbon chemistry model with the dissociation constants for carbonic acid by Lueker et al. (2000) and for boric acid by Dickson (1990). The global ocean is divided into 24 regions, and the linear potential alkalinity (total alkalinity + nitrate) versus salinity relationships are established for each region. The mean monthly distributions of pH and carbon chemistry parameters for the reference year 2005 are computed using the climatological mean monthly pCO2 data adjusted to a reference year 2005 and the alkalinity estimated from the potential alkalinity versus salinity relationships. The climatological monthly mean values of pCO2 over the global ocean are compiled for a 4° x 5° grid for the reference year 2005, and the gridded data for each of 12 months are included in this database. This is updated version of Takahashi et al. (2009) for the reference year 2000 representing non-El Niño years using a database of about 6.5 million pCO2 data (less coastal areas of North and South America) observed in 1957-2012 (Takahashi et al., 2013). The equatorial zone (4°N-4°S) of the Pacific is excluded from the analysis because of the large interannual changes associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. The pH thus calculated ranges from 7.9 to 8.2. Lower values are located in the upwelling regions in the tropical Pacific and in the Arabian and Bering Seas; and higher values are found in the subpolar and polar waters during the spring-summer months of intense photosynthetic production. The vast areas of subtropical oceans have seasonally varying pH values ranging from 8.05 during warmer months to 8.15 during colder months. The warm tropical and subtropical waters are supersaturated by a factor of as much as 4.2 with respect to aragonite and 6.3 for calcite, whereas the cold subpolar and polar waters are less supersaturated only by 1.2 for aragonite and 2 for calcite because of the lower pH values resulting from greater TCO2 concentrations. In the western Arctic Ocean, aragonite undersaturation is observed.

This dataset contains temperature and salinity observations from instruments on the CORC3 and CORC4 moorings in the southern California Current (2012 to 2020), part of the CORC project (Consortium on the Ocean's Role in Climate) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, under a grant from NOAA. The instruments were clamped along the mooring wire and carried sensors for conductivity, temperature, and some also pressure (CTD). These data are included in this archive package, along with interpolated pressures for instruments without such sensors and derived salinity. Data have undergone post-calibration and quality control, and quality flags are included. The original data submission contains one data file per deployment. Data files are in NetCDF format.

This dataset contains observation-based pCO2 data and a derived monthly climatology. The observation-based pCO2 fields were created using a 2-step neural network method extensively described and validated in Landschützer et al. 2013, 2014, 2016. The method first clusters the global ocean into biogeochemical provinces and in a second step reconstructs the non-linear relationship between CO2 driver variables and observations from the v2022 release of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, Bakker et al. 2016). This file contains the resulting monthly pCO2 fields at 1°x1° resolution covering the global ocean for the first time including the Arctic Ocean and few marginal seas (see Landschützer et al 2020). The air-sea CO2 fluxes are computed from the air-sea CO2 partial pressure difference and a bulk gas transfer formulation following Landschützer et al. 2013, 2014, 2016. Furthermore, the monthly climatology is created from the monthly average of the period 1985-present.

Temperature and salinity observations from instruments on the CORC1 and CORC2 moorings in the southern California Current, part of the CORC project (Consortium on the Ocean's Role in Climate) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, under a grant from NOAA. The instruments were clamped along the mooring wire and carried sensors for conductivity, temperature, and some pressure (CTD). These data are presented here, along with interpolated pressures for instruments without such sensors, and derived salinity. Data have undergone post-calibration and quality control, and quality flags are included. There were two deployments of each of the two moorings in the 2008-2012 time period; each file contains all data from one of these deployments.

This dataset is Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) version 4. This dataset includes surface underway, chemical, meteorological, navigational and physical data collected from unknown platforms in the world-wide oceans from 1968-11-16 to 2014-12-31. These data include BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, Partial pressure (or fugacity) of carbon dioxide - water, SALINITY and SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is an international effort, endorsed by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) and the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research program (IMBER), to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database.