This metadata record serves as documentation for the authoritative version of the CONUS404 atmospheric forcing dataset. CONUS404 is an abbreviated description for the original 40-year dataset: CONtiguous United States for 40 years at 4-kilometer grid spacing; however, the dataset has been revised to now include 43 years of data. This is a dataset of historical conditions (water years 1980-2022, October 1, 1979-September 30, 2022) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve mesoscale atmospheric processes, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses. The dataset is the output of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) v 3.9.1.1 model (Skamarock and others, 2008), forced with ERA5 reanalysis data (Hersbach and others, 2020), and consists of time series of nearly 200 2-dimensional variables and a wide range of 3-dimensional variables. Three sets of files were produced at different temporal resolutions: (1) 376,944 hourly files with all model outputs (files contained in wrfout directory), (2) 15,706 daily files containing data at 15-minute increments for precipitation and 2-meter temperature (files contained in auxhist24 directory), and (3) 15,706 daily files with minimum, maximum, and average values of a selection of surface variables (files contained in wrfxtrm directory). The Entity and Attribute element of the metadata record documents data dictionaries for all the variables in each of the three types of output files. These data dictionaries are attached to this data release. The output files are approximately one petabyte (1 PB) in volume and are being archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus access portal here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager?origin_id=12aeed7a-9693-4f99-9816-96911c1322d2&origin_path=%2F&two_pane=true. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on CONUS404.

This metadata record serves as documentation for the authoritative version of the CONUS404 atmospheric forcing dataset. CONUS404 is an abbreviated description for the original 40-year dataset: CONtiguous United States for 40 years at 4-kilometer grid spacing; however, the dataset has been revised to now include 43 years of data. This is a dataset of historical conditions (water years 1980-2022, October 1, 1979-September 30, 2022) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve mesoscale atmospheric processes, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses. The dataset is the output of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) v 3.9.1.1 model (Skamarock and others, 2008), forced with ERA5 reanalysis data (Hersbach and others, 2020), and consists of time series of nearly 200 2-dimensional variables and a wide range of 3-dimensional variables. Three sets of files were produced at different temporal resolutions: (1) 376,944 hourly files with all model outputs (files contained in wrfout directory), (2) 15,706 daily files containing data at 15-minute increments for precipitation and 2-meter temperature (files contained in auxhist24 directory), and (3) 15,706 daily files with minimum, maximum, and average values of a selection of surface variables (files contained in wrfxtrm directory). The Entity and Attribute element of the metadata record documents data dictionaries for all the variables in each of the three types of output files. These data dictionaries are attached to this data release. The output files are approximately one petabyte (1 PB) in volume and are being archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus access portal here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager?origin_id=39161d64-419d-4cc4-853f-f6e737644eb4&origin_path=%2F. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on CONUS404.

This metadata record serves as documentation for the authoritative version of the CONUS404 pseudo-global warming (PGW) atmospheric forcing dataset. This dataset covers a future-perturbed 42-year period (water years 1980-2021, October 1, 1979 - September 30, 2021) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve probable mesoscale atmospheric states and processes in a future warmer climate, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses to study one possible scenario of climate changes and resultant hydrologic impacts over the conterminous United States (CONUS). The dataset is the output of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) v 3.9.1.1 model (Skamarock and others, 2008), forced with ERA5 reanalysis data (Hersbach and others, 2020) plus LENS2 projected climate perturbations (Rodgers and others, 2021), and consists of time series of nearly 200 2-dimensional variables and a wide range of 3-dimensional variables. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on CONUS404 PGW.

This metadata record serves as documentation for the authoritative version of the CONUS404 pseudo-global warming (PGW) atmospheric forcing dataset. This dataset covers a future-perturbed 42-year period (water years 1980-2021, October 1, 1979 - September 30, 2021) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve probable mesoscale atmospheric states and processes in a future warmer climate, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses to study one possible scenario of climate changes and resultant hydrologic impacts over the conterminous United States (CONUS). The dataset is the output of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) v 3.9.1.1 model (Skamarock and others, 2008), forced with ERA5 reanalysis data (Hersbach and others, 2020) plus LENS2 projected climate perturbations (Rodgers and others, 2021), and consists of time series of nearly 200 2-dimensional variables and a wide range of 3-dimensional variables. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on CONUS404 PGW.

This data release contains inputs for and outputs from a hydrologic simulation for the conterminous United States (CONUS) using the WRF-Hydro modeling system version 5.2.0 (Gochis and others, 2020) at the NHDPlus version 2 spatial resolution. This simulation was developed to provide water budget estimates for the period 10/1/2009 to 9/30/2021 using the bias adjusted version of the CONUS404 (CONUS404BA) atmospheric forcings dataset (Zhang and others, 2024). The WRF-Hydro model input files are included within this data release and consist of two configuration files, two simulation restart files, nine parameter files, and five types of output files. Each output type has a file for each timestep of the model application simulation. All model files are archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus endpoint here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager/collections/bf01ea19-425e-4434-809f-4e44ac550b1c/overview. The Entity and Attribute element of the metadata file contains the data descriptions for all the variables in each of the five types of output files. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on this model application.

This data release contains inputs for and outputs from a hydrologic simulation for the conterminous United States (CONUS) using the WRF-Hydro modeling system version 5.2.0 (Gochis and others, 2020) at the NHDPlus version 2 spatial resolution. This simulation was developed to provide water budget estimates for the period 10/1/2009 to 9/30/2021 using the bias adjusted version of the CONUS404 (CONUS404BA) atmospheric forcings dataset (Zhang and others, 2024). The WRF-Hydro model input files are included within this data release and consist of two configuration files, two simulation restart files, nine parameter files, and five types of output files. Each output type has a file for each timestep of the model application simulation. All model files are archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus endpoint here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager/collections/bf01ea19-425e-4434-809f-4e44ac550b1c/overview. The Entity and Attribute element of the metadata file contains the data descriptions for all the variables in each of the five types of output files. Please refer to the Supplemental Information element of this metadata record for further information on this model application.

This is accompanying data produced for the study "Implications of Model Selection: Inter-Comparison of Publicly-Available, CONUS-Extent Hydrologic Component Estimates". These datasets were converted from their primary structures (rasters and shapefiles) to EPA Ecoregions Level I. Conversion was performed by averaging timestep layers via mean area weight to produce a single vector of monthly values for each ecoregion, for each of the following hydrologic cycle components: precipitation (P), actual evapotranspiration (AET), runoff (R), snow water equivalent (SWE), rootzone soil moisture in equivalent water depth (RZSME), and rootzone soil moisture in volumetric water content (RZSMV).

This metadata record serves as documentation for the bias adjusted version of the CONUS404 (CONtiguous United States for 40-years at 4-kilometer grid spacing) atmospheric forcing dataset; however this dataset has been revised to include 43 years of data at 1-kilometer grid spacing. This is a dataset of historical conditions (water years 1980-2022, October 1, 1979-September 30, 2022) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve mesoscale atmospheric processes, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses. This data release includes the bias adjusted CONUS404 outputs (CONUS404 BA) and the adjustment grids that were used in the bias adjustment process. The adjustment grids are approximately 40 GB in size and contain the day of year bias value needed for the bias adjustment process. The CONUS404 BA outputs are approximately 65 TB in size and contain downscaled hourly data for U component of wind, V component of wind, downward longwave radiation, downward shortwave radiation, air temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, surface pressure, and accumulated precipitation variables. For definition of these variables, see the attribute table included in this metadata. The air temperature and accumulated precipitation variables were both downscaled and bias adjusted while the remaining variables were just downscaled. For information on the downscaling and bias adjustments conducted on these data, see the processing steps section on this metadata. Access to Dataset The CONUS404 BA outputs and the adjustment grids are being archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus access portal here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager?destination_id=0a0d322b-1adc-4c93-bfdb-18a6a848479e. The CONUS404 BA outputs are organized into folders by water year (for example, “WY2020”) and the day of year adjustment grids in one folder titled "adjustment_grids". In order to access the files, you will need to log in with an existing Globus account or create one and then perform a file transfer. If you are transferring the files to your local computer, you will also want to install and set up Globus Connect Personal to turn your local machine into an available Globus endpoint. There is no cost for a Globus account. Once Globus is set up, you are ready to access the raw output files. Please note that filenames include characters (e.g. ":") that are not valid on Windows systems; intended usage of these files is on Unix systems.

This metadata record serves as documentation for the bias adjusted version of the CONUS404 (CONtiguous United States for 40-years at 4-kilometer grid spacing) atmospheric forcing dataset; however this dataset has been revised to include 43 years of data at 1-kilometer grid spacing. This is a dataset of historical conditions (water years 1980-2022, October 1, 1979-September 30, 2022) and has sufficient temporal and spatial detail to resolve mesoscale atmospheric processes, making it appropriate for forcing hydrological models and conducting meteorological analyses. This data release includes the bias adjusted CONUS404 outputs (CONUS404 BA) and the adjustment grids that were used in the bias adjustment process. The adjustment grids are approximately 40 GB in size and contain the day of year bias value needed for the bias adjustment process. The CONUS404 BA outputs are approximately 65 TB in size and contain downscaled hourly data for U component of wind, V component of wind, downward longwave radiation, downward shortwave radiation, air temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, surface pressure, and accumulated precipitation variables. For definition of these variables, see the attribute table included in this metadata. The air temperature and accumulated precipitation variables were both downscaled and bias adjusted while the remaining variables were just downscaled. For information on the downscaling and bias adjustments conducted on these data, see the processing steps section on this metadata. Access to Dataset The CONUS404 BA outputs and the adjustment grids are being archived on the U.S. Geological Survey's Black Pearl tape drive system. The data can be accessed through a Globus access portal here: https://app.globus.org/file-manager?destination_id=0a0d322b-1adc-4c93-bfdb-18a6a848479e. The CONUS404 BA outputs are organized into folders by water year (for example, “WY2020”) and the day of year adjustment grids in one folder titled "adjustment_grids". In order to access the files, you will need to log in with an existing Globus account or create one and then perform a file transfer. If you are transferring the files to your local computer, you will also want to install and set up Globus Connect Personal to turn your local machine into an available Globus endpoint. There is no cost for a Globus account. Once Globus is set up, you are ready to access the raw output files. Please note that filenames include characters (e.g. ":") that are not valid on Windows systems; intended usage of these files is on Unix systems.

The continental United States (CONUS) was modeled to produce simulations of historical and potential future streamflow using the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) application of the USGS National Hydrologic Model infrastructure (NHM; Regan and others, 2018). This child page specifically contains atmospheric forcings (daily minimum air temperature, daily maximum air temperature, and daily precipitation accumulation) from each of the global circulation models (GCMs) presented in table1_GCMs_used.csv, for simulating historical streamflow for the period 1950 - 2005.