,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 for maintenance or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod for the experiment.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h as alive, affected, or dead condition (Figure 1), according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision

,Insect Sources,Insect colonies of R. dominica and T. castaneum maintained continuously at the USDA-ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research were used. This included T. castaneum collected in Eastern KS (USA) from 2012, and R. dominica collected from Eastern KS in 2019. Tribolium castaneum and had been reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Adults that were 4–6-week-old were used for experiments. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Treatments,The following netting treatments were used: negative control (e.g., no netting), positive control (netting identical to LLIN but without insecticide; Item#1721-9668, Casa Mesh White, Casa Solid, Joann’s Fabrics, Hudson, OH, USA), 0.34% w/w alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (Carifend, BASF Corps, Ludwigshafen, Germany), and a 0.4% w/w deltamethrin LLIN (D-Terrence, Vestergaard Inc., Lausanne, Switzerland).,Laboratory food dust assay,To evaluate the effect of food dust on the efficacy of LLIN, there were two food dust regimes. Netting was either used as is or fully dipped into organic flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) that filled a 9 × 9 cm square Petri dish. After exposure to food dust, the netting was used to line a new, clean 9 × 9 cm Petri dish. Rhyzopertha dominica and T. castaneum adults were tested in cohorts of 20 and exposed on the netting for 10 min continuously in the Petri dishes, then their conditions were checked at 1, 24, 48 h, and 168 h after exposure. Insects were held in an environmental chamber set to 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 L:D. Conditions were classified as the percentage that were alive (normally moving around unimpeded), affected (showing abnormal or sluggish movements, but movement still present, even if just twitching of extremities), or dead (completely immobile; full definitions in Morrison et al. 2018). This was performed under a stereomicroscope (SMZ18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan). A total of n = 5 replicate cohorts were tested per combination of treatments (dust regime, netting type, exposure time, post-exposure holding duration, and species).,Spillage assay,To evaluate whether netting could be used to protect sites of spillage, we performed a spillage assay in the laboratory. For this assay, only netting without insecticide but identical to LLIN and 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin LLIN (BASF) was used. Netting was placed covering a single layer of 35 g of whole organic hard winter wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) in a 9 × 9 cm square Petri dish. A control treatment included a single layer of positive control or alpha-cypermethrin LLIN placed in a Petri dish without food. Cohorts of 20 mixed-sex R. dominica or T. castaneum adults were exposed continuously to the netting for 48 h. After that period, the conditions of the adults were recorded as alive (moving normally), affected (sluggish movements, unable to right themselves when fallen, or twitching body parts), or dead (completely immobile) according to established definitions in (Morrison et al., 2018). After sieving adults, we placed the grain from the Petri dish in a separate vial (11 × 4.9 cm H:D) for six weeks to check for progeny production, including the number of larvae, pupae, and adults. A total of n = 7 replicate cohorts were tested per combination of treatments.,Interception assay,To determine whether LLIN can prevent horizontal dispersal of stored product insects to sites of spillage, we performed an interception assay. A single layer of organic, whole wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) was placed in a 245 × 245 mm large square Petri dish (Item# 431111, Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). In the center of the dish, a 2.5 x 24.5 cm (W × L) strip of netting was added on top of the wheat. A total of 50 mixed-sex R. dominica or T. castaneum adults were added to the middle of zone 1 (e.g., release zone; Figure 1). The remainder of the dish was

,2.1 Experimental Insects,A field strain of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) obtained from Pottawatomie Co, KS, and eastern KS, respectively, were used in this study. We used four to eight-week-old adults of both species. Cultures of R. dominica and T. castaneum have been maintained in the laboratory since 2019 and 2012, respectively at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Ryzopertha dominica were reared on tempered organic whole wheat, while T. castaneum were reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast. The colonies were subcultured on a monthly basis. The colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 (L:D) h photoperiod in environmental chambers (Percival Scientific, Perry, IA, USA).,2.2 Experimental Arena and its Production,The experimental arena consisted of a 63 cm × 15.5 cm × 9.5 cm L:W: H metal frame. This arena also contained four square blocks of concrete (e.g., Rockite, Hartline Products Co., Cleveland, OH, USA) measuring 15.24 cm × 15.24 cm × 1.5 cm L:W: H to create a testing platform that mimics the surface of a food facility (Figure 1). The concrete was prepared by first mixing tap water and Rockite cement mix in a large water pitcher. The tap water was added to the dry Rockite mixture and combined until a thick paste consistency was achieved. The slurry was poured into a 1.1 L volume silicone square mold (15.24 cm × 15.24 cm). The slurry was poured 1.5 cm thick. The cement concrete squares were left to dry and solidify at room temperature for 2–3 d. Cement squares were modular and new ones were used with each replicate performed for the assay.,In each experimental arena, there were four cement squares (Figure 1). We applied tape (VWR International, LLC Radnor, PA, USA) on the wall of the metal frame before placing the concrete to make it easier to remove the concrete after each replicate was conducted, and so the metal forms could be re-used. Adhesive caulk (DAP Kwik Seal, DAP Products Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA) was applied to fill any gaps between the concrete squares or between the concrete and the metal frame. The concrete at the distal end of the experimental arena was filled with 20 g of whole, organic, unbleached flour (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) for T. castaneum or organic whole wheat (Heartland Mills, Marienthal, KS, USA) for R. dominica. Insects were released on the concrete square at the opposite end. The two middle concrete slabs were reserved for one or two treatments as below. The inner wall of the metal frame was coated with fluon (polytetrafluoroethylene, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) to prevent insect escape.,2.3 Insecticide formulation for concrete,2.4 Treatment,We assembled the experimental arenas for each treatment replicated on separate days. In each experimental arena, we released 30 mixed-sex adults of either R. dominica or T. castaneum (just a single species per arena) at the far end of the testing platform opposite the food source. Each dispersal apparatus was placed into a sterilite bin (86.3 × 30.5 × 39.4 cm L:H:W) to prevent insect escape and effects from neighboring apparatuses, and placed on the shelf of a walk-in environmental chamber at the same conditions as the rearing colonies. After a 48 h dispersal period, we counted the number of insects on each concrete square and we also checked their conditions in clean petri dishes lined with filter paper. The condition of the adults was checked under the dissecting microscope and rated as alive, affected, or dead by following the definitions in Morrison et al. 2018. Briefly, the alive were moving around normally without impairment, while those that were affected showed uncertain movements, twitching of extremities, and/or were not able to right themselves after being gently prodded with a paintbrush. Those that were classified

,This dataset aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature on the utilization of LLINs in the management of pre- and postharvest pest insect species (excluding those in urban systems and vectors). By synthesizing findings from a broad spectrum of studies, we aim to discern patterns relative to system and experimental design and develop a new synthesized understanding of the effectiveness of LLINs in agriculture. Moreover, our dataset intends to identify and address gaps in current knowledge. Through a meta-analytical approach, this review aims to distill key insights that can inform future research directions, and practical applications in the integrated management programs of pre- and postharvest insect pests.,,The goal of this dataset is to understand the efficacy of long-lasting insecticide netting in agriculture. We used databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find studies related to LLIN. First, we carried out a literature search on the topic of insecticide netting. We used various Keyword combinations to identify a broad initial dataset, including various terms such as ‘netting’, ‘LLIN’ ‘insecticide netting’ in combination with either ‘insects’, ‘preharvest’, ‘postharvest’, and ‘agriculture’. Papers were individually checked to ensure they met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, which included that 1) articles were published between 1990–2024, 2) the focus was on agricultural crops (not urban systems or vectored diseases), 3) netting was not solely used for exclusion (e.g., in the absence of an insecticidal ingredient), and 4) included a proper negative or stakeholder standard control. At the end, this left us with a total of 44 peer-reviewed publications (23 postharvest + 22 preharvest studies, one common study for pre and postharvest insects) with 285 data points on the efficacy of LLINs in agriculture. However, an additional required criterion was that all studies needed to present means, standard errors, and samples sizes for both controls and LLIN treatment. After this additional criterion, there was a final total of 31 peer-reviewed publications (19 postharvest + 12 preharvest studies). Additionally, potential publication bias was assessed by using funnel plots, and statistical tests were evaluated.,

These data contain the global positioning system (gps) coordinates and elevation data of traps used to test different ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) lures and repellents in two different experiments conducted at Waiākea Forest Reserve and ʻŌlaʻa Forest of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park.

,Experimental Insects,Four to eight-week mixed-sex adults of a field strain from Eastern Kansas (collected in 2022, hereafter FS-22) and pyrethroid-resistant strain collected from Juiz de Fora County in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil in 2006 (hereafter, Brazil-resistant) S. zeamais were used in this study. The Brazil-resistant strain exhibits high pyrethroid resistance and low fenitrothion resistance and has been used in prior studies (Guedes et al., 2006a). These strains were reared and maintained on tempered organic maize at 25–27.5 °C, 65% RH, and 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Synergist-coated glass vials,In this study, we used one of the most effective synergists, piperonyl butoxide (PBO, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Briefly, each of 20-ml glass scintillation vials was coated with 0.5 ml of PBO solution in acetone (solvent) at 0.1 mg/ml by using a Roto-Torque Heavy Duty Rotator (Model 7637, Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, Vernon Hills, IL, USA). For the control, vials were treated with 0.5 ml of acetone (solvent) only.,LLIN treatment,We used 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin based LLIN (63.2 mg/m2 active ingredient (a.i.), 40 deniers, 100 holes/cm2; Carifend®, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and a netting physically identical but without insecticide (Casa Collection, Mesh White, 1721-9668; Jo-Ann's, Hudson, OH, USA) as a control netting in our study.,Effects of synergists on LLIN against S. zeamais,A cohort of 20 mixed-sex S. zeamais adults was first pre-exposed to each scintillation vial coated with PBO or acetone (control) for 60 min (1 h) or 180 min (3 h). The pre-exposed adults were then transferred to each plastic Petri dish (9 × 9 cm square) containing either LLIN or control netting and were exposed for 60 min or 180 min. The inside walls of the dishes were coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) preparation (e.g., fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, MilliporeSigma GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. After exposure, insects were placed in an environmental chamber under constant conditions (30°C, 65% RH, and 16:8 L:D). A total of n = 5 replicates were performed per treatment combination of strain, exposure time, netting type, and synergist. Immediate mortality was recorded directly after exposure, as well as delayed mortality at 24, 48, 72, and 168 h later. Insect conditions were recorded as alive, affected, or dead as described by Ranabhat et al. (2022). Specifically, insects moving normally were considered alive, whereas they were considered affected if they moved in an uneven pattern and/or exhibited twitching of tarsi or antennae or showed lethargic or drunken movements. On the other hand, insects were considered dead if no visible movement was observed after disturbance with a fine brush.,Lethal exposure assay to determine the susceptibility of S. zeamais,For this assay, a cohort of 20 mixed-sex adults of laboratory (pyrethroid-susceptible, FS-22) or Brazil pyrethroid-resistant strain of S. zeamais was exposed each 20-mL glass scintillation vial coated with a 2 mg/ml deltamethrin solution in acetone (solvent) or acetone only (control) at constant conditions (27.5° ± 0.1 C, 65% RH, 16:8 L:D) in an environmental chamber. Each of the three insect conditions including alive, affected, or dead as described above was recorded at each of 12 time points (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 168, 192, and 216 h) after the exposure. To examine the insect’s conditions, the exposed adults from each vial were transferred to each plastic Petri dish (90 mm in diameter; 59.4 cm2 bottom surface area) with a lining of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) that was adhered to the bottom using double-sided tape. The inside walls of the dishes were covered with a polytetrafluoroethylene preparation (Fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, MilliporeSigma GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. The insect conditions were

,Insects,Beetles used in this study were obtained from stock colonies maintained at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s (ARS) Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (CGAHR) in Manhattan, KS, USA. Colonies of R. dominica and S. oryzae were reared on organic whole wheat kernels that had been tempered to 15% grain moisture. To subculture, a total of 50 adult individuals were placed on 200 mL of grain in a mason jar (capacity: 473 mL) and given 14 d to mate and lay eggs. At the end of that period, adult hosts were removed by sieving with a #10 sieve (2.00 mm; W.S Tyler Inc., Mentor, Ohio), and colonies were allowed to age for 3-weeks prior to using beetles as hosts for parasitoid rearing. Theocolax elegans were maintained separately on two different hosts, either R. dominica or S. oryzae for at least three full generations. Freshly emerged, healthy T. elegans were used for the experiments below. All colonies of parasitoids were maintained in a separate environmental chamber than host-only colonies to prevent cross-contamination. Colonies were maintained in mason jars and stored in an environmental chamber under constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D).,Interactions with Predators,Laboratory studies were performed in 2022 and 2023 at the USDA Center for Grain and Animal Health Research (Manhattan, KS, USA). From July–October of each year, predators were collected weekly from local post-harvest food facilities, including the Kansas State Agronomy Farm (GPS: 39.2062227, -96.5951959), where S. oryzae and other stored product pests are abundantly found (Morrison et al. 2025[1] ). Most predators used in trials were collected by sweep netting (Bioquip Products, Inc., Rancho Dominguez, CA) sampling vegetation adjacent to grain bins or by hand collection and held temporarily in 1-gal (=3.98 L) Ziplocks, then immediately brought back to the lab in a cooler on insulated ice packs. In the lab, insects were processed by individually placing predators into a 950-mL mason jar with 10 S. oryzae from colonies. The predators were identified to family (Marshall 2006, Paquin et al. 2017). Mason jars with predators and S. oryzae were then placed on shelves in an environmental chamber set to constant conditions (27.5°C, 60% RH, 14:10 L:D). After 24 h, the jars were checked, and the number of S. oryzae consumed was recorded as well as the presence of any self-aggregation behavior of S. oryzae together and away from the predator, which was taken to be evidence for non-consumptive effects in the presence of the predator. The results of predators were only included when there were n = 3 or greater number of replicates.,Ethovision,Video-tracking coupled with Ethovision software v.14.0 (Noldus, Inc., Leesburg, VA: Noldus et al. 2002) was used to investigate the impact of natural enemy kairomones on the mobility and orientation of R. dominica and S. oryzae over short distances. This system has previously been used for analyzing the mobility and foraging behaviors of stored product insects (Wilkins et al. 2020; Ponce et al. 2022). Six arenas consisting of Petri dishes (VWR Petri dishes, 100 × 15 mm) with an 85-mm filter paper (Grade 1, Whatman, GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL) adhered to the bottom using double-sided sticky tape were arranged 80 cm below a network video camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany). The movement of individual insects within each arena was simultaneously recorded on an adjacent computer. Four zones were monitored in Ethovision, including the two halves of the Petri dish (i.e. treatment half vs control half) and two 1 cm diameter zones nested in the middle of each half where stimuli were applied (treatment stimulus zone and control stimulus zone). The position of treatments was randomized between replicates and a total of n = 12 replicate assays were conducted for each treatment. For each assay, a single insect was introduced into the center of an arena and its movement was tracked for a total of 10 min. Several

Wild bee and butterfly samples were collected from the margins of agricultural fields located on five Conservation Areas in Missouri. In 2016 and 2017, samples were collected and composited by genera for a total of 90 samples. Samples were extracted via pressurized liquid extraction and solid phase extraction cleanup. Samples were analyzed for 168 pesticides and degradates using both gas and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, 16 pesticides were detected. Pesticides detected in greater than 2% of the composite samples included: metolachlor (24%), tebuconazole (22%), atrazine (18%), imidacloprid desnitro (13%), bifenthrin (9%), flumetralin (9%), p,p’-DDD (6%), tebupirimfos (4%), fludioxonil (4%), flutriafol (3%), cyproconazole (2%), and oxadiazon (2%). Concentrations for individual pesticides ranged from 2 to 174 ng/g. Results indicate that wild pollinators are exposed to a wide variety of pesticides.