The dataset consists of six collections of SEM images, three trained U-net AI models, and CSV files with image quality metrics and trained AI model accuracy metrics. Each SEM image collection contains images augmented with Poisson noise and contrast.This work was performed with funding from the CHIPS Metrology Program, part of CHIPS for America, National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce.

The Enhanced Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (eMAS)instrument is maintained and operated by the Airborne Sensor Facility at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, under the oversight of the EOS Project Science Office at NASA Goddard. The eMAS instrument is now a 38-channel instrument, sensing in the range from 0.445 to 13.844 um.The Enhanced MODIS Airborne Simulator (eMAS) L2 Aerosol Data product (eMASL2AER) consists of in-situ measurements of trace gas and aerosol emissions for wildfires and prescribed fires in great detail, relate them to fuel and fire conditions at the point of emission, characterize the conditions relating to plume rise, follow plumes downwind to understand chemical transformation and air quality impacts, and assess the efficacy of satellite detections for estimating the emissions from sampled fires. These measurements were collected onboard the DC-8 aircraft during FIREX-AQ, during summer 2019. The DC-8 aircraft had a comprehensive instrument payload capable of measuring over 200 trace gases as well as aerosol microphysical, optical, and chemical properties. The eMASL2AER product files are stored in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF-EOS). All gridded cloud parameters are stored as Scientific Data Sets (SDS) within the file.For more information and for a list of MAS campaign flights visit ladsweb at:https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/mas/or, visit the eMAS Homepage at:https://asapdata.arc.nasa.gov/emas/

This project involved the analysis and optical modeling of atmospheric dust particles collected at Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. Dust from the Asian mainland was identified in filter samples with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CC-SEM). Individual Asian dust and marine background air particles were further examined using focused ion-beam (FIB) SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The particles were heterogeneous in that they had multiple mineral phases, including an iron-containing phase which was compositionally minor but optically important. FIB tomography was used to produce 3-D reconstructions of the particles. The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method for calculating optical properties was used to determine the light-scattering behavior of the particles based on the 3-D reconstructions. The dataset includes the following: 1) Tabulated optical property results for all selected particles in a single Excel file 2) Folder with CC-SEM data files 3) Folder and subfolders with particle SEM images and EDX element maps 4) Folder with Excel files with element composition, oxide composition, mineral composition, and mineral phase volumes for each particle 5) Folder and subfolders with optical modeling parameter files 6) Folder and subfolders with input and output files from the DDA program DDSCAT ver. 7.3. 7) Folder with Excel files with backscatter fraction calculations

Field Methods: We propose to make measurements of fine particle composition using FTIR, XRF, and AMS techniques as part of the SOAS campaign. The instruments are housed in a 20’x8’ trailer with 3 m isokinetic inlet. The Russell group will collect fine particle mass on Teflon filters for quantification of organic functional group concentrations by FTIR spectroscopy and elemental concentrations by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). These techniques allowed not only for quantitative characterization of the organic composition of fine aerosol, but also identification of source categories and quantitative source contributions through the use of elemental tracers and positive matrix factorization (PMF). The sample collection will be conducted alongside simultaneous aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements, allowing for comparison of total organic mass and providing complementary information on organic composition (mass spectral fragments as opposed to chemical functional groups). Fine particle mass will be collected on Teflon filters for with both PM1 (4-6 hr) and PM2.5 (24 hr) cyclones. All filters will be analyzed by FTIR to quantify organic functional group concentrations, and selected filters will be analyzed by XRF to compare and validate ongoing IMPROVE sampling protocols. We will also collect samples for scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) for selected periods. While limited in sample number, the unique single-particle organic functional group and morphology measurements provided by STXM-NEXAFS provides one-of-a-kind insight into the composition and structure of individual aerosol particles. We will collect approximately 10 samples for this analysis at the Look Rock site and archive an additional 40 samples for analysis if resources permit at a later date. The Ziemann group will also use spectrophotometric methods to analyze functional groups in a subset of aerosol filter samples (due to higher method detection limits and the need for larger samples) collected by the Russell group at Centerville, AL, and Look Rock, TN. In addition, we plan to exchange samples with the Surratt group (also located at Look Rock, TN) to augment inter-comparison of their tracer-compound methods with our functional group based methods, for both atmospheric and chamber sampling. The Russell group will also measure aerosol size-resolved chemical composition with high time resolution using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and black carbon components of the aerosol using a single particle soot photometer (SP2), which provide distinctive characteristics to quantify the contributions of biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Measurements of inorganic and organic fine particle composition and size distributions (near 100% transmissions for 60-600 nm, and partial transmission extending to ~30 nm and ~1.5 µm) will be conducted using an Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). This operation scheme will provide high time resolution measurements of inorganic and organic composition (5 min), mass fragments (5 min), elemental composition (10 min), single particles (2 hr), and mass fragment size distributions (1-4 hr).

SCAR_A_ER2_MAS data are Sulfates, Clouds and Radiation America (SCARA) NASA ER2 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) Data in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF).Smoke/Sulfates, Clouds and Radiation - America (SCAR-A) data include physical and chemical components of the Earth's surface, the atmosphere and the radiation field collected in the eastern part of the United States with an emphasis in air pollution.The primary objective of the SCAR-A experiment was to help scientists characterize the the relationship between sulfate particles and clouds' reflective properties. Sulfate aerosols are believed to provide condensation nuclei, resulting in smaller, more numerous droplets within a cloud. SCAR-A was the first in a series of experiments. It was was followed by the SCAR-C experiment conducted over California in 1994. A third experiment, SCAR-B was conducted in Brazil during August and September 1995. The MODIS Airbourne Simulator (MAS) is a modified Daedalus Wildfire scanning spectrometer which flies on a NASA ER-2 and provides spectral information similar to that provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), launched on Terra (EOS AM-1) in 1999 and Aqua (EOS PM-1) in 2002. The MAS spectrometer acquires high spatial resolution imagery in the wavelength range of 0.55 to 14.3 microns. A total of 50 spectral bands are available in this range, and the digitizer can be configured to collect data from any 12 of these bands. The digitizer was configured with four 10-bit channels and seven 8-bit channels. The MAS spectrometer was mated to a scanner subassembly which collected image data with an IFOV of 2.5 mrad, giving a ground resolution of 50 meters from 20000 meters altitude, and a cross track scan width of 85.92 degrees. The data granules were written using the self documenting file storage format provided through the netCDF interface routines included in the HDF libraries.

Data used in these analyses was obtained from publically-available sources, specifically the EPA's AirNow website (https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data). The dataset provided includes the subset of data from AirNow that was used in our analyses. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Dickerson, A., A. Benson, B. Buckley, and E. Chan. Concentrations of individual fine particulate matter components in the United States around July 4th. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. Springer Netherlands, NETHERLANDS, 1-10, (2016).

Soluble acidic gases and aerosols (SAGA) were collected with two related installations; a mist chamber/ion chromatography (MC/IC) system and a paired bulk aerosol system. The MC/IC system measures in situ atmospheric distributions of nitric acid (plus < 1 um NO3 aerosol) and fine (< 1 um) aerosol sulfate at an approximately 80-second interval. The paired bulk aerosol system collects particulates onto filters for subsequent analysis. Collected filters were first extracted with water to obtain the water-soluble (WS) constituents and then extracted again using methanol to collect the methanol soluble (MS) fraction. The light absorption of filtered extracts was measured from 300 to 700 nm. Ion chromatography on aqueous extracts of the bulk aerosol samples collected on Teflon filters were used to quantify soluble ions (Cl-, Br-, NO3-, SO42-, C2O42-, Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca+, and Mg+). The SAGA system is provided by the University of New Hampshire (UNH).

This report evaluates laboratory measurements of suspended-sediment concentrations, total sediment mass, grain-size separation, and fine particle-size distributions for performance-testing samples prepared by the USGS Sediment Laboratory Quality Assurance (SLQA) project during 1999 – 2024 (study period). Forty-four different laboratories participated in the SLQA project during the study period (Table 1). Eleven of those laboratories reported particle-size distribution (PSD) results for SLQA samples during 2005 – 2024. Results were communicated by the USGS Quality Systems Branch to the participating laboratories within several months of the completion of each study. Laboratories use the SLQA results to monitor, maintain, and improve performance. There is no intension to rank the participating laboratories or assign laboratory-specific quality ratings to their data.

The NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods is a Web-based book written to help scientists and engineers incorporate statistical methods into their work as efficiently as possible. Ideally, it will serve as a reference which will help scientists and engineers design their own experiments and carry out the appropriate analyses when a statistician is not available to help. It is also hoped that it will serve as a useful educational tool that will help users of statistical methods and consumers of statistical information better understand statistical procedures and their underlying assumptions, and more clearly interpret scientific and engineering results stated in statistical terms.

SCAR_A_ER2_MAS data are Sulfates, Clouds and Radiation America (SCARA) NASA ER2 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) Data in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF).Smoke/Sulfates, Clouds and Radiation - America (SCAR-A) data include physical and chemical components of the Earth's surface, the atmosphere and the radiation field collected in the eastern part of the United States with an emphasis in air pollution.The primary objective of the SCAR-A experiment was to help scientists characterize the the relationship between sulfate particles and clouds' reflective properties. Sulfate aerosols are believed to provide condensation nuclei, resulting in smaller, more numerous droplets within a cloud. SCAR-A was the first in a series of experiments. It was was followed by the SCAR-C experiment conducted over California in 1994. A third experiment, SCAR-B was conducted in Brazil during August and September 1995. The MODIS Airbourne Simulator (MAS) is a modified Daedalus Wildfire scanning spectrometer which flies on a NASA ER-2 and provides spectral information similar to that provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), launched on Terra (EOS AM-1) in 1999 and Aqua (EOS PM-1) in 2002. The MAS spectrometer acquires high spatial resolution imagery in the wavelength range of 0.55 to 14.3 microns. A total of 50 spectral bands are available in this range, and the digitizer can be configured to collect data from any 12 of these bands. The digitizer was configured with four 10-bit channels and seven 8-bit channels. The MAS spectrometer was mated to a scanner subassembly which collected image data with an IFOV of 2.5 mrad, giving a ground resolution of 50 meters from 20000 meters altitude, and a cross track scan width of 85.92 degrees. The data granules were written using the self documenting file storage format provided through the netCDF interface routines included in the HDF libraries.