The Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for the Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) Group is part of NOAA'S Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO. The Reference Network measures the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution. The Reference Network measurement program includes continuous in-situ measurements at 4 baseline observatories (global background sites) and 8 tall towers, as well as flask-air samples collected by volunteers at over 50 additional regional background sites and from small aircraft. The air samples are returned to ESRL for analysis where measurements of about 55 trace gases are done. NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network maintains the World Meteorological Organization international calibration scales for CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 in air. The measurements of the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network serve as a comparison with measurements made by many other international laboratories, and with regional studies. They are widely used in studies inferring space-time patterns of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases that are optimally consistent with the atmospheric observations. They serve as an early warning for climate "surprises". The measurements are also helpful for the ongoing evaluation of remote sensing technologies. The CCGG cooperative air sampling network effort began in 1967 at Niwot Ridge, Colorado. Today, the network is an international effort which includes regular discrete samples from the NOAA ESRL/GMD baseline observatories, cooperative fixed sites, and commercial ships. Air samples are collected approximately weekly from a globally distributed network of sites. Samples are analyzed for Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Gas (H2), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), and Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6); and by INSTAAR for the stable isotopes of CO2 and CH4 and for many volatile organic compounds (voc) such as ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4) and propane (C3H8). Measurement data are used to identify long-term trends, seasonal variability, and spatial distribution of carbon cycle gases. Through the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI), ESRL/GMD has taken their data collection and converted files into NetCDF-4, a self-describing format.

The Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for the Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) Group is part of NOAA'S Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO. The Reference Network measures the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution. The Reference Network measurement program includes continuous in-situ measurements at 4 baseline observatories (global background sites) and 8 tall towers, as well as flask-air samples collected by volunteers at over 50 additional regional background sites and from small aircraft. The air samples are returned to ESRL for analysis where measurements of about 55 trace gases are done. NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network maintains the World Meteorological Organization international calibration scales for CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 in air. The measurements of the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network serve as a comparison with measurements made by many other international laboratories, and with regional studies. They are widely used in studies inferring space-time patterns of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases that are optimally consistent with the atmospheric observations. They serve as an early warning for climate "surprises". The measurements are also helpful for the ongoing evaluation of remote sensing technologies. Observatory Measurements: NOAA/ESRL/GMD operates four staffed atmospheric baseline observatories from which numerous measurements of greenhouse gases are conducted. These baseline observatories, also known as global background sites, are located in Barrow, Alaska; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; American Samoa; and South Pole, Antarctica. The measured data are baseline levels, trends, and causes of variability of atmospheric gases that have the potential to affect global climate. These observatories were established in order to provide a sampling of the most remote air on the planet so that the true "background atmosphere" could be monitored. GMD first began continuous in-situ measurements of CO2 at these observatories in 1973, and added CH4 and CO measurements in the 1980's. The ongoing data set is contingent upon the baseline observatories that are still in use going forward. A subset of Observatory Measurements for only carbon dioxide (CO2) taken from Observatories is archived separately with digital object identifiers (DOIs) for each of the four observation stations listed above. The observations run from 1973 through the end of 2016. The main portion of this agreement is for the enhanced "version" of the more encompassing dataset for all of the different types of observation platforms and gases. Through the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI), ESRL/GMD has taken their data collection and converted files into NetCDF-4, a self-describing format.

The Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for the Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) Group is part of NOAA'S Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO. The Reference Network measures the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution. The Reference Network measurement program includes continuous in-situ measurements at 4 baseline observatories, also known as global background sites, and 8 tall towers, as well as flask-air samples collected by volunteers at over 50 additional sites, also known as regional background sites, and from small aircraft. The air samples are returned to ESRL for analysis where measurements of about 55 trace gases are done. NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network maintains the World Meteorological Organization international calibration scales for CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 in air. The measurements of the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network serve as a comparison with measurements made by many other international laboratories, and with regional studies. They are widely used in studies inferring space-time patterns of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases that are optimally consistent with the atmospheric observations. They serve as an early warning for climate "surprises". The measurements are also helpful for the ongoing evaluation of remote sensing technologies. Tall Tower Measurements: ESRL's Global Monitoring Division (GMD) began making measurements from tall towers in the 1990s in order to extend long-term carbon-cycle gas monitoring to continental areas. Existing television, radio and cell phone towers are utilized as sampling platforms for continuous in-situ sampling of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases, including carbon monoxide (CO) in the continental boundary layer. The measured data are baseline levels, trends, and causes of variability of atmospheric gases that have the potential to affect global climate. The tall tower sites are part of the North American Carbon Program and are a primary data source for ESRL's Carbon Tracker CO2 data assimilation system. The historic data set is from 8 tall towers. The ongoing data set is contingent upon the observation sites that are still in use going forward. Through the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI), ESRL/GMD has taken their data collection and converted files into NetCDF-4, a self-describing format.

The Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network for the Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases (CCGG) Group is part of NOAA'S Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) in Boulder, CO. The Reference Network measures the atmospheric distribution and trends of the three main long-term drivers of climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), as well as carbon monoxide (CO) which is an important indicator of air pollution. The Reference Network measurement program includes continuous in-situ measurements at 4 baseline observatories, also known as global background sites, and 8 tall towers, as well as flask-air samples collected by volunteers at over 50 additional sites, also known as regional background sites, and from small aircraft. The air samples are returned to ESRL for analysis where measurements of about 55 trace gases are done. NOAA's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network maintains the World Meteorological Organization international calibration scales for CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 in air. The measurements of the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network serve as a comparison with measurements made by many other international laboratories, and with regional studies. They are widely used in studies inferring space-time patterns of emissions and removals of greenhouse gases that are optimally consistent with the atmospheric observations. They serve as an early warning for climate "surprises". The measurements are also helpful for the ongoing evaluation of remote sensing technologies. Tall Tower Measurements: ESRL's Global Monitoring Division (GMD) began making measurements from tall towers in the 1990s in order to extend long-term carbon-cycle gas monitoring to continental areas. Existing television, radio and cell phone towers are utilized as sampling platforms for continuous in-situ sampling of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases, including carbon monoxide (CO) in the continental boundary layer. The measured data are baseline levels, trends, and causes of variability of atmospheric gases that have the potential to affect global climate. The tall tower sites are part of the North American Carbon Program and are a primary data source for ESRL's Carbon Tracker CO2 data assimilation system. The historic data set is from 8 tall towers. The ongoing data set is contingent upon the observation sites that are still in use going forward. Through the Big Earth Data Initiative (BEDI), ESRL/GMD has taken their data collection and converted files into NetCDF-4, a self-describing format.

This dataset provides measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, carbon isotopes d13C and D14C, and fossil fuel CO2 (ffCO2) estimates from nine observation sites in California over three month-long campaigns in separate seasons of 2014-2015. ffCO2 was quantified based on the CO2 concentration and D14C. Simulations of ffCO2 at the sites and times of the observations were conducted with the Vulcan v2.2 fossil fuel emissions estimate for 2002 and the Weather Research and Forecasting - Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (WRF-STILT) atmospheric model. The observed and simulated ffCO2 were incorporated into Bayesian inverse estimates of ffCO2 to calculate California's ffCO2 emissions during the campaign period.

This dataset provides airborne eddy covariance (EC) fluxes of carbon dioxide, methane, sensible heat, and latent heat at high spatial resolution collected during the NASA Carbon Airborne Flux Experiment (CARAFE) airborne 2016 and 2017 campaigns. CARAFE utilized the NASA C-23 Sherpa aircraft with a suite of commercial and custom instrumentation. Deployment occurred across the Mid-Atlantic Region for the period 2016-09-07 through 2016-09-26 and 2017-05-03 through 2017-05-26. The data also include downwelling radiation, water vapor, pressure, temperature, wind, and aircraft navigation data. Airborne EC can quantify surface fluxes at local to regional scales, potentially helping to bridge gaps between top-down and bottom-up flux estimates and offering novel insights into biophysical and biogeochemical processes.

This dataset reports continuous atmospheric measurements of CO2 from two receptor sites and three boundary sites in and around Boston, Massachusetts, USA, that were combined with high-resolution CO2 emissions estimates and the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to estimate regional CO2 emissions from September 2013 to December 2014. The HYSPLIT model followed an ensemble of 1,000 particles released at the urban CO2 measurement sites backward in time based on wind fields and turbulence from the North American Mesoscale Forecast System (NAM) at 12-km resolution to the boundary CO2 measurement sites to derive footprint values and CO2 enhancements expected from the prior emissions based on the Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions System (ACES) inventory and the urban-Vegetation Photosynthesis Respiration Model (urbanVPRM). This dataset contains three sets of data products: (1) observed hourly mean CO2 observations for two urban receptor sites in Boston, MA (Boston University (BU) and Copley Square (COP)), (2) observed hourly mean CO2 and calculated vertical profiles (50 - 5000 m) for three boundary sites around Boston including Harvard Forest at Petersham, MA (HF), Canaan, NH (CA), and Martha's Vineyard, MA (MVY), and modeled mean boundary CO2 concentrations for particles released from BU and COP, and (3) particle trajectory files including footprint values and CO2 enhancements above boundary CO2 concentrations from the HYSPLIT model.

The CSIRO Global Atmospheric Sampling Laboratory (GASLAB) Flask Sampling Network archive for the carbon 13 isotope (C13) of atmospheric trace gas carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. GASLAB principally analyzes air samples that have been captured at eleven fixed geographic sites and one moving (aircraft over bass strait and Cape Grim), but also includes other sites at various locations globally on a less regular or as needed basis. The CO2C13 measurements are made by concentrating the CO2 from the air sample utilising a 3 step automated cryogenic trapping system connected to a dual inlet stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (Finnigan MAT252) for analysis. The CO2 and N2O gas chromatography concentrations data for the sample are used for ion corrections on the stable isotope measurements. Alternatively the Cape Grim in situ air sample (cia) which has already had the trapping process applied to it on site, uses the data from the Cape Grim in situ CO2 analyser, with the N2O concentration determined by interpolation from the CSIRO global flask network data. There are 6 differant types of flask that are used to store and transport air samples from site and in the labratory:(i) glass 0.5 litre ("G050"), (ii) glass 5.0 litre ("G500"), (iii) glass 0.8 litre ("G080"), (iv) electropolished stainless steel 1.6 litre "Sirocans" ("S160"), (v) glass 2.0 litre, 1 stopcopck ("F", "FF", "FA", "FE", "EP", ALT"), (vi) glass 2.0 litre, 2 stopcocks(“M1”, “S”, “P2”, “TEMP”). Files containing a single species value for each sample are denoted by a filename of the form (XXX_XXXX_event.XXX), for the geographically fixed sites data is also provided in the form of monthly means (e.g. XXX_XXXX_mm.XXX) with all files being in ascii format.