The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center is a 365/24/7 operational group that is part of the NOAA/NESDIS/OSPO Satellite Analysis Branch. It provides volcanic activity monitoring along with creating and disseminating Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAA) and Volcanic Ash Graphics (VAG). The center's area of responsibility is the US including Hawaii, the Caribbean, Central America, northern South America, parts of the Pacific Ocean including the Marianas Islands. Data input for VAA and VAG include satellite imagery, model data, reports from State Volcano Observatories (SVO), Meteorological Watch Offices (MWO), many air traffic groups and others. Main users of VAA and VAG products include the aviation community including international and domestic airlines, air traffic control groups, the private sector, and scientific groups like the US Geological Survey (USGS).

The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center is a 365/24/7 operational group that is part of the NOAA/National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS)/Office of Satellite and Product Operations (OSPO) Satellite Analysis Branch. It provides volcanic activity monitoring along with creating and disseminating Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAA) and Volcanic Ash Graphics (VAG). The center's area of responsibility is the US including Hawaii, the Caribbean, Central America, northern South America, parts of the Pacific Ocean including the Marianas Islands. Data input for VAA and VAG include satellite imagery, model data, reports from State Volcano Observatories (SVO), Meteorological Watch Offices (MWO), many air traffic groups and others. Main users of VAA and VAG products include the aviation community including international and domestic airlines, air traffic control groups, the private sector, and scientific groups like the US Geological Survey (USGS). This collection of volcanic ash advisories and graphics is organized by each calendar year being contained within its own accession. Specifically: 2007 - accession 0298507 2008 - accession 0299273 2009 - accession 0299677 2010 - accession 0299771 2011 - accession 0299772 2012 - accession 0299770 2013 - accession 0299891 2014 - accession 0299890 2015 - accession 0299894 2016 - accession 0299893 2017 - accession 0299936 2018 - accession 0299938 2019 - accession 0299935 2020 - accession 0299940 2021 - accession 0299937 2022 - accession 0299939

The word volcano is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. This slide set depicts ash clouds, fire fountains, lava flows, spatter cones, glowing avalanches, and steam eruptions from 18 volcanoes in 13 countries. Volcano types include strato, cinder cone, basaltic shield, complex, and island-forming. Perhaps no force of nature arouses more awe and wonder than that of a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes can be ruthless destroyers. Primitive people offered sacrifices to stem the tide of such eruptions and many of their legends were centered around volcanic activity. Volcanoes are also benefactors. Volcanic processes have liberated gases of the atmosphere and water in our lakes and oceans from the rocks deep beneath Earth's surface. The fertility of the soil is greatly enhanced by volcanic eruptive products. Land masses such as islands and large sections of continents may owe their existence entirely to volcanic activity. The "volcano" is used to refer to the opening from which molten rock and gas issue from Earth's interior onto the surface, and also to the cone, hill, or mountain built up around the opening by the eruptive products. The molten rock material generated within Earth that feeds volcanoes is called magma and the storage reservoir near the surface is called the magmachamber. Eruptive products include lava (fluid rock material) and pyroclastics or tephra (fragmentary solid or liquid rock material). Tephra includes volcanic ash, lapilli (fragments between 2 and 64 mm), blocks, and bombs. Low viscosity lava can spread great distances from the vent. Higher viscosity produces thicker lava flows that cover less area. Lava may formlava lakes of fluid rock in summit craters or in pit craters on the flanks of shield volcanoes. When the lava issues vertically from a central vent or a fissure in a rhythmic, jet-like eruption, it produces a lava fountain. Pyroclastic (fire-broken) rocks and rock fragments are products of explosive eruptions. These may be ejected more or less vertically, thenfall back to Earth in the form of ash fall deposits. Pyroclastic flows result when the eruptive fragments follow the contours of the volcano and surrounding terrain. They are of three main types: glowing ash clouds, ash flows, and mudflows. A glowing ash cloud (nuee ardente) consists of an avalanche of incandescent volcanic fragments suspended on a cushion of air or expanding volcanic gas. This cloud forms from the collapse of a vertical ash eruption, from a directed blast, or is the result of the disintegration of a lava dome. Temperatures in the glowing cloud can reach 1,000 deg C and velocities of 150 km per hour. Ash flows resemble glowing ash clouds; however, their temperatures are much lower. Mudflows (lahars) consist of solid volcanic rock fragments held in water suspension. Some may be hot, but most occur as cold flows. They may reach speeds of 92 km per hour and extend to distances of several tens of kilometers. Large snow-covered volcanoes that erupt explosively are the principal sources of mud flows. Explosions can give rise to air shock waves and base surges. Air shock waves are generated as a result of the explosive introduction of volcanic ejecta into the atmosphere. A base surge may carry air, water, and solid debris outward from the volcano at the base of the vertical explosion column. Volcanic structures can take many forms. A few of the smaller structures built directly around vents include cinder, spatter, and lava cones. Thick lavas may pile up over their vents to form lava domes. Larger structures produced by low viscosity lava flows include lava plains and gently sloping cones known as a shield volcanoes. A stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano) is built of successive layers of ash and lava. A volcano may consist of two or more cones side by side and is

Volcanoes have contributed significantly to the formation of the surface of our planet. Volcanism produced the crust we live on and most of the air we breathe. The remnants of an eruption reveal as much as the eruption itself, for they tell us many things about the eruption. Included here are examples of several volcanic products and other magmatic features, with descriptions of how they were formed and what they tell us about volcanism. Most volcanic rock material begins as molten rock material formed within Earth and is called magma. Eruptive products include lava (fluid rockmaterial) and pyroclastics or tephra (fragmentary solid or liquid rock material). Tephra includes volcanic ash, lapilli (fragments between 2 and 64 mm), blocks, and bombs. Perhaps the best known volcanic product is lava, the fluid rock material that flows rather quietly from volcanic vents. The external and internal structures of lava flows are the result of the physical properties of the magma from which it was derived. Of these physical properties viscosity is the most important and it is in turn affected by the temperature and chemical composition of the magma. Lavas of low viscosity can spread great distances from the vent. Greater viscosity produces thicker lava flows that generally cover less area. The rate of supply of magma relative to the velocity of the lava as it flows from the vent and the external environment through which the lava flows also affect the structure of the solidified lava. Products of explosive eruptions include pyroclastic (fire broken) rocks and rock fragments. The force that produces explosive eruptions is the release of trapped gas. Ejecta from these explosions may be derived from the magma or from rocks in the vicinity of the volcanic conduit that are blasted out in the eruption. These may be ejected more or less vertically, then fall back to earth in the form of ash fall deposits. Pyroclastic flows result when the eruptive fragments follow the contours of the volcano and surrounding terrain. They are of three main types: glowing ash clouds (nuee ardente), ash flows, and mudflows. Volcanic structures can take many forms. A few of the smaller structures built directly around vents include cinder, spatter, and lava cones. Thick lavas may pile up over their vents to form lava domes. Larger structures produced by low viscosity lava flows include lava plains. The erosion of volcanoes leaves volcanic remnants, interesting reminders of the volcano's former fury. Erosion of the layers of lava and ash that built the volcano leaves the congealed magma in the conduit. This feature, sometimes referred to as a plug or the volcanic neck or throat, is a dramatic pillar of rock rising above the surrounding plain. These plugs or necks may be composed partially of fragments of the walls of the pipe and partially of congealed magma. They may be as more than a kilometer in diameter. Magma flowing into cracks in the rocks produces dikes, sills and laccoliths. This intrusive rock is generally resistant to erosion and often remains after the surrounding rock has eroded away. These exposed intrusive rocks give us a glimpse of the complex underground network of piping in active volcanoes. These igneous features are constant reminders of the timelessness of the processes that relentlessly form, and reform, the surface of planet Earth.

Volcanic Eruption Points - this dataset was produced by combining data from previous Geological Survey of Victoria maps and reports and also data compiled by Julie Boyce (Monash University)

Legacy product - no abstract available

On 16 July 2021, measurements were made of the volcanic gases emitted from Iliamna Volcano, Mount Douglas, Mount Martin, and Mount Mageik (Alaska, USA) from aboard a fixed-wing aircraft. Two zenith-facing differential optical absorption spectrometers were used to measure incident scattered solar ultraviolet radiation while traversing beneath the gas plumes on multiple occasions. These data were used to derive volcanic SO2 column densities and emission rates. In addition to the remote sensing payload, two in situ instruments were used to make measurements of trace gas concentrations while on flight paths through the volcanic plumes: a USGS multi-GAS (multiple Gas Analyzer System; Werner et al., 2017) analyzer for H2O-CO2-SO2-H2S, and an Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS) instrument manufactured by Los Gatos Research, Inc., for H2O-HCl-HF. The CO2, SO2, and H2S sensors were calibrated five times in-flight at ambient pressures from 804-686 hPa (~1800-3000 m altitude) using standard gases stored in 25-liter capacity tedlar bags (CO2 = 448 ppm, SO2 = 2.1 ppm, H2S, = 2.0 ppm; all gases certified at ±2% accuracy). The H2O/CO2 analyzer’s baseline response was checked using small soda lime and anhydrite cartridges to remove H2O and CO2 from ambient air, and the sulfur sensors’ baselines were derived from their responses while sampling clean ambient air. In situ gas compositions were recorded at 1-second time resolution, while radiance spectra were acquired with variable integration times depending on illumination conditions and ranging from 1 to 3 seconds. Each spectrum and gas measurement was stamped with the GPS time and location. Each spectrum was saved in a separate ASCII file which includes 1024 radiances measured in the 265 - 403 nm spectral region and metadata associated with each acquisition. The in situ measurements are saved in a spreadsheet in the *.csv format.

From August 15- September 2, 2021, NOAA Ocean Exploration conducted mapping operations on the Blake Plateau within U.S. waters, aiding in closing the gaps within this region. This cruise consisted of a strategic transit from Newport, Rhode Island to the primary working grounds off of the U.S Southeast, aimed at collecting data over previously mapped and potentially new seeps along the edge of the continental shelf. EX-21-05 collected 13,054 square kilometers of bathymetry and associated water column data, 12,989 square kilometers of which were within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Territorial Sea deeper than 200 m. The cruise concluded in Port Canaveral, FL on September 2, 2021. The exploratory mapping operations conducted during this cruise will provide initial characterization of the region, as well as data to support further exploration with remotely operated vehicles planned for EX-21-07.