This data release includes whole rock (WR) geochemical data for 94 samples. Whole rock geochemistry data were analyzed at Actlabs in Ancaster, Ontario, Canada. Rock samples were collected by Peter Valley, Greg Walsh, Arthur Merschat, and Ryan McAleer. The whole rock geochemistry data characterize the composition of mapped meta-igneous rocks in eastern Vermont and western New Hampshire, USA. The data release contains three files, including one metadata file and 2 comma-delimited (CSV) files. The CSV files include the following: BronsonHill_WR_data.csv and BronsonHill_WR_data_dictionary.csv.

This data release includes whole rock (WR) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) geochemical data collected from the eastern Adirondack Mountains, NY. Whole rock geochemistry data were analyzed at Bureau Veritas Commodities Canada Ltd. Laboratories in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Data were collected using a Thermo Niton portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Rock samples for all methods were collected by Kaitlyn Suarez, Daniel Tjapkes, and Greg Walsh. The data release contains five files, including one metadata file and four comma-delimited (CSV) files. The CSV files include the following: EasternAdirondacks_WR_data_.csv, EasternAdirondacks_WR_data_dictionary.csv, EasternAdirondacks_pXRF_data.csv, and EasternAdirondacks_pXRF_data_dictonary.csv.

This data release includes whole rock (WR) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) geochemical data collected from the eastern Adirondack Mountains, NY. Whole rock geochemistry data were analyzed at Bureau Veritas Commodities Canada Ltd. Laboratories in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Data were collected using a Thermo Niton portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Rock samples for all methods were collected by Kaitlyn Suarez, Daniel Tjapkes, and Greg Walsh. The data release contains five files, including one metadata file and four comma-delimited (CSV) files. The CSV files include the following: EasternAdirondacks_WR_data_.csv, EasternAdirondacks_WR_data_dictionary.csv, EasternAdirondacks_pXRF_data.csv, and EasternAdirondacks_pXRF_data_dictonary.csv.

The Dinwiddie terrane, formerly the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato), was originally interpreted as a Pennsylvanian - Permian igneous complex located in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia and considered to be a single batholith that comprises different textural varieties, likely assumed to have been emplaced from a single source during Alleghanian metamorphism (Bloomer 1939; Bobyarchick, 1978; Bobyarchick and Glover, 1979). However, mapping in the 2000s and 2010s (Carter and others, 2007; 2010; Carter, 2010; Bleick and others, 2011; Bondurant and others, 2011; Occhi and others, 2015, 2017; Occhi and Swanger, 2019) divided this into five distinct units based on lithology, including a subidiomorphic granite, a porphyritic granite, a foliated granite, a layered granite gneiss, and a megacrystic granite. Though these varieties of granite and gneiss were originally considered to be part of the same unit, Carter and others (2023) evaluated each of these five lithologies on the bases of their geochemistry and geochronology, and determined that the foliated granite and layered granite gneiss are ~100 million years older than the other lithologies and that they record evidence of a different magma source than the subidiomorphic granite, porphyritic granite, and megacrystic granite, prompting the redefinition of the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato) into the Dinwiddie terrane, which encompasses the entire suite of granites and gneisses formerly referred to as the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato). The Dinwiddie terrane can then be divided into the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto), which is composed of the subidiomorphic granite, porphyritic granite, and megacrystic granite lithologies, and the informal Pocoshock Creek Gneiss, which is composed of the foliated granite and layered granite gneiss. Despite this redefinition, their work did not establish the Pocoshock Creek Gneiss as a formal lithodemic unit per the North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (2021). Therefore, in order to better characterize the Pocoshock Creek Gneiss, justify its division from the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto), and define this unit formally, geochemical data from these two units are compared. This data release comprises unpublished geochemical data collected during the work of Carter and others (2023), as well as a compilation of published geochemical data from Carter and others (2023) and from various igneous intrusions throughout the southern Appalachians for comparison with the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto) and Pocoshock Creek Gneiss. The sources of all geochemical data included in this data release are described further within this metadata. Note, any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Abstract References: Bleick, H.A., Carter, M.W., and Berquist, C.R., Jr., 2011, Geologic map of the Richmond quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File Report 2011-13, scale 1:24,000. Bloomer, R.O, 1939, Notes on the Petersburg Granite: Virginia Geological Survey, Bulletin 51-F, p. 137–145. Bobyarchick, A.R., 1978, Reconnaissance geologic setting of the Petersburg Granite and regional framework for the Piedmont in southeastern Virginia, in Costain, J.K., Glover, L. III., and Sinha, A.K., eds., Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Progress Report 5648–4, p. A-1–A-37. Bobyarchick, A.R., and Glover, L., III, 1979, Deformation and metamorphism in the Hylas zone and adjacent parts of the eastern Piedmont in Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 739–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<739:DAMITH>2.0.CO;2. Bondurant, A.K., Berquist, C.R., Jr., Carter, M.W., and Bleick, H.A., 2011, Geologic map of the Drewrys Bluff quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File

The Dinwiddie terrane, formerly the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato), was originally interpreted as a Pennsylvanian - Permian igneous complex located in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia and considered to be a single batholith that comprises different textural varieties, likely assumed to have been emplaced from a single source during Alleghanian metamorphism (Bloomer 1939; Bobyarchick, 1978; Bobyarchick and Glover, 1979). However, mapping in the 2000s and 2010s (Carter and others, 2007; 2010; Carter, 2010; Bleick and others, 2011; Bondurant and others, 2011; Occhi and others, 2015, 2017; Occhi and Swanger, 2019) divided this into five distinct units based on lithology, including a subidiomorphic granite, a porphyritic granite, a foliated granite, a layered granite gneiss, and a megacrystic granite. Though these varieties of granite and gneiss were originally considered to be part of the same unit, Carter and others (2023) evaluated each of these five lithologies on the bases of their geochemistry and geochronology, and determined that the foliated granite and layered granite gneiss are ~100 million years older than the other lithologies and that they record evidence of a different magma source than the subidiomorphic granite, porphyritic granite, and megacrystic granite, prompting the redefinition of the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato) into the Dinwiddie terrane, which encompasses the entire suite of granites and gneisses formerly referred to as the Petersburg Granite (sensu lato). The Dinwiddie terrane can then be divided into the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto), which is composed of the subidiomorphic granite, porphyritic granite, and megacrystic granite lithologies, and the informal Pocoshock Creek Gneiss, which is composed of the foliated granite and layered granite gneiss. Despite this redefinition, their work did not establish the Pocoshock Creek Gneiss as a formal lithodemic unit per the North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature (2021). Therefore, in order to better characterize the Pocoshock Creek Gneiss, justify its division from the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto), and define this unit formally, geochemical data from these two units are compared. This data release comprises unpublished geochemical data collected during the work of Carter and others (2023), as well as a compilation of published geochemical data from Carter and others (2023) and from various igneous intrusions throughout the southern Appalachians for comparison with the Petersburg Granite (sensu stricto) and Pocoshock Creek Gneiss. The sources of all geochemical data included in this data release are described further within this metadata. Note, any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Abstract References: Bleick, H.A., Carter, M.W., and Berquist, C.R., Jr., 2011, Geologic map of the Richmond quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File Report 2011-13, scale 1:24,000. Bloomer, R.O, 1939, Notes on the Petersburg Granite: Virginia Geological Survey, Bulletin 51-F, p. 137–145. Bobyarchick, A.R., 1978, Reconnaissance geologic setting of the Petersburg Granite and regional framework for the Piedmont in southeastern Virginia, in Costain, J.K., Glover, L. III., and Sinha, A.K., eds., Evaluation and Targeting of Geothermal Energy Resources in the Southeastern United States: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Progress Report 5648–4, p. A-1–A-37. Bobyarchick, A.R., and Glover, L., III, 1979, Deformation and metamorphism in the Hylas zone and adjacent parts of the eastern Piedmont in Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, p. 739–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<739:DAMITH>2.0.CO;2. Bondurant, A.K., Berquist, C.R., Jr., Carter, M.W., and Bleick, H.A., 2011, Geologic map of the Drewrys Bluff quadrangle, Virginia: Virginia Division of Geology and Mineral Resources Open-File

This dataset captures in digital form previously published maps showing the inferred extent and subsurface elevation of several Paleozoic consolidated rock units in the northern Midwest of the United States. Data released here were published as figures within a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area report documenting results from a study of the regional hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest. This study was part of the USGS national Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program. Sandstone and carbonate rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age compose much of the sedimentary rocks overlying the Precambrian basement in the northern Midwest and form the major aquifer system of that area, named the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system by the USGS RASA Program. This aquifer system underlies about 161,000 mi2 (square miles) in northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin. The published USGS RASA investigation defined the subsurface extent and altitude of the top of eight stratigraphic intervals within the lower Paleozoic consolidated rocks, typically including a major named formation or group plus its regional stratigraphic equivalents. Major mapped intervals include, from lowest to highest, the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone, Eau Claire Formation, Ironton and Galesville Sandstones, and St. Lawrence and Franconia Formations, Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and Galena Dolomite, and the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Shale. The USGS RASA study also included maps of the contoured top of Precambrian rocks, top of combined Middle Devonian through Silurian rocks, and top of combined Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Upper Devonian rocks; these maps were also digitized and are included in this data release. This dataset includes vector structure contour data digitized from page-sized figures in USGS Professional Paper 1405-B (Young, 1992). Some maps from this report had previously been digitized by a USGS saline groundwater assessment project and released as digital datasets on the USGS Water Mission Area’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) node (U.S. Geological Survey, 2015). For consistency and completeness, those data have been reformatted, attributed, and assembled with additional data digitized from the source RASA report for this data release. The dataset includes a geographic information system geodatabase that contain digital structure contour data as polyline feature classes for all of the geologic units contoured in USGS Professional Paper 1405-B (Young, 1992). Vector data are attributed according to the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program’s GeMS digital geologic map schema. The geodatabase includes non-spatial tables that describe the sources of geologic information, a glossary of terms, a description of units, and a geomaterials dictionary. Also included is a Data Dictionary that duplicates the Entity and Attribute information contained in the metadata file. To maximize usability, spatial data are also distributed as shapefiles and tabular data are distributed as ascii text files in comma separated values (CSV) format.

This dataset captures in digital form previously published maps showing the inferred extent and subsurface elevation of several Paleozoic consolidated rock units in the northern Midwest of the United States. Data released here were published as figures within a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Mission Area report documenting results from a study of the regional hydrogeology and ground-water quality of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest. This study was part of the USGS national Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) Program. Sandstone and carbonate rocks of Cambrian and Ordovician age compose much of the sedimentary rocks overlying the Precambrian basement in the northern Midwest and form the major aquifer system of that area, named the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system by the USGS RASA Program. This aquifer system underlies about 161,000 mi2 (square miles) in northern Illinois, northwestern Indiana, Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, northern Missouri, and Wisconsin. The published USGS RASA investigation defined the subsurface extent and altitude of the top of eight stratigraphic intervals within the lower Paleozoic consolidated rocks, typically including a major named formation or group plus its regional stratigraphic equivalents. Major mapped intervals include, from lowest to highest, the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone, Eau Claire Formation, Ironton and Galesville Sandstones, and St. Lawrence and Franconia Formations, Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and Galena Dolomite, and the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Shale. The USGS RASA study also included maps of the contoured top of Precambrian rocks, top of combined Middle Devonian through Silurian rocks, and top of combined Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Upper Devonian rocks; these maps were also digitized and are included in this data release. This dataset includes vector structure contour data digitized from page-sized figures in USGS Professional Paper 1405-B (Young, 1992). Some maps from this report had previously been digitized by a USGS saline groundwater assessment project and released as digital datasets on the USGS Water Mission Area’s National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) node (U.S. Geological Survey, 2015). For consistency and completeness, those data have been reformatted, attributed, and assembled with additional data digitized from the source RASA report for this data release. The dataset includes a geographic information system geodatabase that contain digital structure contour data as polyline feature classes for all of the geologic units contoured in USGS Professional Paper 1405-B (Young, 1992). Vector data are attributed according to the USGS National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program’s GeMS digital geologic map schema. The geodatabase includes non-spatial tables that describe the sources of geologic information, a glossary of terms, a description of units, and a geomaterials dictionary. Also included is a Data Dictionary that duplicates the Entity and Attribute information contained in the metadata file. To maximize usability, spatial data are also distributed as shapefiles and tabular data are distributed as ascii text files in comma separated values (CSV) format.

This dataset is the assembled analytical results of geochemical, petrographic, and geochronologic data for samples, principally those of unmineralized Tertiary volcanic rocks, from the Tonopah, Divide, and Goldfield mining districts of west-central Nevada. Much of the data presented here for the Tonopah and Divide districts are for samples collected by Bonham and Garside (1979) during geologic mapping in and around those districts, whereas much of that for samples from the Goldfield district were obtained by Ashley (1974; 1979; 1990). Additional data were derived from samples collected between 2012–2017, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program funded project titled: “Magmatic-tectonic history and component sources of major precious metal deposits in the southern Walker Lane”. A small amount of additional geochemical data for samples from each of the districts were compiled from other sources.

This dataset is the assembled analytical results of geochemical, petrographic, and geochronologic data for samples, principally those of unmineralized Tertiary volcanic rocks, from the Tonopah, Divide, and Goldfield mining districts of west-central Nevada. Much of the data presented here for the Tonopah and Divide districts are for samples collected by Bonham and Garside (1979) during geologic mapping in and around those districts, whereas much of that for samples from the Goldfield district were obtained by Ashley (1974; 1979; 1990). Additional data were derived from samples collected between 2012–2017, as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program funded project titled: “Magmatic-tectonic history and component sources of major precious metal deposits in the southern Walker Lane”. A small amount of additional geochemical data for samples from each of the districts were compiled from other sources.

This data release contains the whole-rock major and trace element analyses of 51 samples of intrusive igneous rocks from the Wet Mountains area of Custer and Fremont counties of south-central Colorado, collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) geologists. The samples were collected from breccias, veins and thin dikes, and a variety of carbonatite, felsic, mafic, and ultramafic intrusions across the area. The first 41 samples listed in this data release were collected in July 2007, originally as part of a reconnaissance study of the thorium deposits of the area (Van Gosen and others, 2009). The samples are grab samples from outcrops, shallow open-pit excavations, and mineral prospect trenches. The last 10 samples listed in this data release were originally collected and geochemically analyzed in 1976 as part of a USGS study of carbonatites in this area (Armbrustmacher, 1976, 1979; Armbrustmacher and Brownfield, 1978). These 10 carbonatite samples were reanalyzed by modern analytical methods in 2007, and the new data are included in this data release. The Wet Mountains area hosts a variety of alkaline intrusions (Armbrustmacher, 1984), which includes three Cambrian-age alkaline complexes (Olson and others, 1977) that intruded the surrounding Precambrian terrane. These are (1) the McClure Mountain Complex (Shawe and Parker, 1967; Armbrustmacher, 1984), (2) the Gem Park Complex (Parker and Sharp, 1970), and (3) the complex at Democrat Creek (Armbrustmacher, 1984). In the Wet Mountains area, elevated concentrations of thorium and rare earth elements (REEs) occur in veins, syenite dikes, fracture zones, breccias, and carbonatite dikes (Armbrustmacher, 1988). These thorium-REE deposits are distal to the alkaline complexes but are thought to be genetically associated. Characteristics of the thorium and REE deposits in the area, as well as typical concentrations and resource estimates, are detailed in the publications listed in the supplementary file “Wet Mountains area publications.pdf”. Armbrustmacher (1988) determined that vein and fracture zone deposits contain most of the thorium and REE resources in the area. These are linear features, typically 1–2 meters thick, but a few are as much as 15 meters thick. Some individual thorium veins can be traced in outcrop for 1,500 m and some radioactive fracture zones for as much as 13 kilometers. Most of these vein- and fracture-zone deposits occur within a 57 square kilometers tract of Precambrian gneiss and migmatite (Scott and others, 1976) located south and southeast of the quartz syenite complex at Democrat Creek; in this area Christman and others (1953, 1959) mapped nearly 400 veins. Most of the samples in this data release are examples of unaltered alkaline igneous rocks of the intrusive complexes rather than the mineral deposits. These samples were selected in the field to study possible relationships between the magmatic complexes and the thorium-REE deposits. All samples included in this data release were analyzed by laboratories contracted by the USGS. Major and trace element concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). An acceptable criteria for the data has been identified based on (1) if recovery of each element is within a designated percentage at five times the lower limit of determination, and (2) the calculated relative standard deviation of duplicate samples is no greater than that percentage. The reported laboratory percentages for the acceptance criteria are +/- 15 percent for ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Ten carbonatite samples were additionally analyzed by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) to determine the concentrations of major elements as oxides. The reported laboratory percentages for the acceptance criteria are +/- 5 percent for WDXRF. Data are reported in a comma-separated values (CSV) file that lists the samples that were analyzed,