This dataset contains a combined globally mapped estimate of the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database (SOCAT) partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and calculated pCO2 from Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling (SOCCOM) biogeochemistry floats from 1982 to 2017. The pCO2 fields were created using a 2-step neural network technique. In a first step, the global ocean is divided into 16 biogeochemical provinces using a self-organizing map. In a second step, the non-linear relationship between variables known to drive the surface ocean carbon system and gridded observations from the SOCAT dataset (Bakker et al., 2016) starting in 1982 in various combinations with calculated pCO2 from biogeochemical ARGO floats starting in 2014 from the SOCCOM project (Johnson et al., 2017) is reconstructed using a feed-forward neural network within each province separately. The final product is then produced by projecting these driving variables, i.e., surface temperature, chlorophyll, mixed layer depth, and atmospheric CO2 onto oceanic pCO2 using these non-linear relationships. This results in monthly pCO2 fields at 1°x1° resolution covering the entire globe with the exception of the Arctic Ocean and few marginal seas. The air-sea CO2 flux is then computed using a standard bulk formula.

This dataset consists of the estimated changes in the ocean content of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) between 1994 and 2007 as described in detail in Gruber et al. [2019] (Science). These estimates have been derived from the GLODAPv2 product [Olsen et al., 2016] using the eMLR(C*) method developed by Clement and Gruber [2018]. This method is based on the eMLR method [Friis et al., 2005], which determines the change in Cant on the basis of linear regression fits to data from two different time periods (here the JGOFS–WOCE era (~1994) and the Repeat Hydrography–GO-SHIP era (~2007)). The dataset contains in addition to the standard estimate also the estimates of 13 sensitivity cases, where different elements of the estimation procedure were changed to assess the robustness of the estimates. All estimates are given on 1x1 degree resolution. Two files are provided, i.e., one containing the full three-dimensional distribution of the change in Cant between 1994 and 2007 and one containing the vertically integrated values, i.e., the column inventories. These data provide strong constraints on the role of the ocean as a sink for anthropogenic CO2, and given the global nature of our assessment also constraints on the global carbon budget, specifically the magnitude of the land carbon sink. The estimates will prove also useful to assess ocean acidification and evaluate ocean models with regard to their carbon uptake and storage.

The late Taro Takahashi (LDEO/Columbia University) provided the first near-global monthly air-sea CO2 flux climatology in Takahashi et al. (1997), based on available surface water partial pressure of CO2 measurements. This product has been a benchmark for uptake of CO2 in the ocean. Several versions have been provided since, with improvements in procedures and large increases in observations, culminating in the authoritative assessment in Takahashi et al. (2009). Here we provide and document the last iteration using a greatly increased dataset (SOCATv2022) and determining fluxes using air-sea partial pressure differences as a climatological reference for the period 1980-2021. The resulting net flux for the open ocean region is estimated as -1.79 PgC yr-1 which compares well with other global mean flux estimates. While global flux results are consistent, differences in regional means and seasonal amplitudes are discussed. Consistent with other studies, we find the largest differences in the data-sparse southeast Pacific and Southern Ocean.

This dataset contains the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), water temperature and salinity collected from surface underway observations off the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay Plume Region, North Atlantic Ocean during springtime. The measurements were done using Apollo SciTech's pCO2 system. The cruise took place from 2023-04-10 to 2023-04-14 aboard R/V Hugh R. Sharp.

This dataset contains the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), water temperature and salinity collected from surface underway observations off the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay Plume Region, North Atlantic Ocean during wintertime. The measurements were done using Apollo SciTech's pCO2 system. The cruise took place from 2023-01-09 to 2023-01-12 aboard R/V Hugh R. Sharp.

This dataset consists of surface underway ocean measurements of fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2), salinity, and sea surface temperature collected during R/V Roger Revelle cruises in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans from 2023-02-04 to 2023-09-13. These measurements were collected with support from NOAA's Climate Program Office (CPO).