As part of a larger study looking at the efficacy of the biopesticide VectoMax FG for control of larval Culex quinquefasciatus, USGS and DOFAW personnel monitored adult mosquitoes (Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes japonicus) along the Kawaikoi Stream during late summer, September through November 2016 and 2017. Ten trap sites were selected across a 1-kilometer grid centered on the intersection of the Alakai Swamp Trail and Kawaikoi Stream, Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Kauai. Traps were located at least 200 meters apart at accessible sites along the stream, valley floor, and adjacent plateau. Both Biogents Sentinel Traps (BGS) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Gravid Traps (GRV) were operated nightly at each site from 1600 to 0700 hr the following morning. Depending on the weather (heavy rains and high water) and trap reliability (battery and CO2 delivery failures) the number of traps operated per night varied considerably. The data was used to compare the weekly relative abundance of mosquitoes (mosquitoes/trap-night) across the trapping season and following VectoMax FG application.

,"PhD obj3 LD50 data submitted April 21 2025": applied to Table 1 of manuscript; used to calculate the lethal dose at which 25%, 50%, and 90% of the organisms (Aedes aegypti) die (LD25, LD50, LD90) using Probit software; PoloPlus - Leora Software. These data were generated by RLA under the supervision of KJL in July-August, 2021, at the USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (USDA-ARS-CMAVE) facility in Gainesville, FL. using dilutions of technical malathion, technical permethrin, and rapeseed methyl ester. These values were generated in order to identify an LD50 dose to apply to 17d old female Ae. aegypti (7 days old prior to blood meal), 10 days after feeding on a blood meal containing dengue-1 virus. Ae. aegypti to determine the LD50 were blood fed at 7 d old, and aged 10 d after blood feeding, then exposed to the dilutions of technical malathion, technical permethrin, and rapeseed methyl ester.,"PhD Obj3 dengue mortality check submitted April 21 2025": used to populate the results for Table 2 and Table 3; describing the differences in mortality associated with exposure to a dengue-1 treated bloodmeal and LD50 pesticide/control treatment exposure in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Analysis was conducted using R. These data were generated by RLA under the supervision of BWA at the University of Florida - Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory (UF-FMEL) facility in Vero Beach, FL between September and November 2021. Ae. aegypti females were aged to 7 d, provided a dengue-1 tainted blood meal or sham blood meal, allowed to age for 10 d after blood feeding, then a topical LD50 dose of technical permethrin, technical malathion diluted in rapeseed methyl ester or neat rapeseed methyl ester as a control were applied and mortality was recorded at 24 h and 48 h. Following mortality checks, Ae. aegypti were frozen (-80 deg C) and checked for the presence of virus using RT-qPCR.,

Recent concern for the adverse effects from neonicotinoid insecticides has centered on risk for insect pollinators in general and bees specifically. However, natural resource managers are also concerned about the risk of neonicotinoids to conservation efforts for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and need additional data to help estimate risk for wild monarch butterflies exposed to those insecticides. In the present study, monarch butterfly larvae were exposed in the laboratory to clothianidin via contaminated milkweed plants from hatch until pupation, and the effects upon larval survival, larval growth, pupation success, and adult size were measured. Soils dosed with a granular insecticide product led to mean clothianidin concentrations of 10.8 – 2193 ng/g in milkweed leaves and 5.8 – 58.0 ng/g in larvae. Treatment of soils also led to clothianidin concentrations of 2.6 – 5.1 ng/g in adult butterflies indicating potential for transfer of systemic insecticides from the soil through plants and larvae to adult butterflies. Estimated LC50s for total mortality (combined mortality of larvae and pupae) and EC50 for larval growth were variable but higher than the majority of concentrations reported in the literature for clothianidin contamination of leaves.

A set of experiments was conducted to determine the dietary clothianidin exposures that cause prepupal mortality in the absence of other adverse effects. Monarch larvae were raised from hatch to pupae on clothianidin contaminated swamp milkweed plants. Larval growth, larval survival, and prepupal survival were monitored throughout the experiments in which the exposures ranged from 1.4 – 2,793.1 ng/g leaf. Exposures of 5.4 – 46.9 ng/g leaf resulted exclusively in prepupal mortality while higher exposures of 1,042.4 – 2,793.1 ng/g leaf resulted exclusively in larval mortality. An LC50 and LC10 of 37 and 6 ng/g, respectively, were estimated based on prepupal mortality.

This USGS data release consists of seven data sets and accompanying metadata for studies on the efficacy of adult mosquito traps and lures for monitoring populations of the invasive mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus and the efficacy of the biopesticide VectoMax FG for control of larval Culex quinquefasciatus in Hawaiian forest bird habitat. Culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of the avian malaria Plasmodium relictum a key limiting factor of forest birds. The main components of the study included: 1) the evaluation of trap designs and lures for adult mosquitoes in forested habitat and the prevalence of malaria in those mosquitoes (Hawaii Island 2 data files), 2) Kawaikoi Stream surveys for larval mosquitoes and suitable larval habitat (Alakai Plateau, Kauai), 3) Larval mosquito control efficacy trials with the biopesticide VectoMax FG (Alakai Plateau, Kauai), 4) adult mosquito monitoring in the Kawaikoi Stream drainage study site and malaria prevalence determination (Alakai Plateau Kauai 2 data files). An additional data file contains geographical coordinates for key localities in the study. The study was conducted by The US Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center personnel in collaboration wth biologists with the Kauai Forest Bird Recovery Project. Studies were conducted in native forests on Kauai and Hawaii islands during 2016 and 2017.

,Response of Tribolium castaneum to exposure to long-lasting insecticide treated netting (LLIN). Includes data on multiple exposures over 5 days and exposures to different biotic and abiotic conditions. Also includes data on movement on the LLIN under different conditions. This was collected to understand cumulative effects of exposure to LLIN and provide information on population recovery parameters in using LLIN as a pest management tactic against stored-product insect pests.,,

Insect-Mediated Contaminant Flux model parameters and outputs. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Olson, C.I., G.B. Beaubien, R.R. Otter, D.M. Walters, and M.A. Mills. Ecotoxicological Studies Indicate That Sublethal and Lethal Processes Limit Insect-Mediated Contaminant Flux. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, USA, 42(9): 1982-1992, (2023).

,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 for maintenance or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod for the experiment.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h as alive, affected, or dead condition (Figure 1), according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision

,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h (as alive, affected, or dead condition, according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision software. Only adults classified as alive or

This dataset shows the effects of three insecticides (diazinon, fipronil, imidacloprid) and two fungicides (chlorothalonil, propiconazole) on larval metamorphosis in the coral Acropora tenuis. These five pesticides have been detected in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon and/or catchments. Settlement assays were conducted in Nov-Dec 2016 and Nov 2017. The aim of this research is to add toxicity data for inclusion into water quality guidelines. In order to improve water quality guidelines and subsequent risk assessments for pesticides in tropical marine ecosystems, the current study investigated the effects of three insecticides (diazinon, fipronil, imidacloprid) and two fungicides (chlorothalonil and propiconazole) on larval settlement and metamorphosis of the common reef-building coral Acropora tenuis larvae following 48 h exposures. Concentration-response curves were plotted to estimate no effect concentration (NEC) and effect concentration (ECx) values that inhibited larval settlement by 10% and 50% (EC10 and EC50, respectively). NEC is the concentration below which the pesticides are not expected to cause a reduction in larval metamorphosis. Methods: Gravid colonies (25-40 cm diameter) of the coral Acropora tenuis (Dana, 1846) were collected from 4 – 8 m depth in November 2016 from Trunk Reef (18°18.2’ S, 146°52.2’ E) and in November 2017 from Falcon Island (18°46’ S, 146°32’ E), GBR under Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Permit G12/35236.1. Colonies were transported to the National Sea Simulator at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) in Townsville and maintained in 1700 l flow-through holding tanks until spawning. Temperatures were held at 26-27°C, which was equivalent to the water temperature at the collection site. Gametes were collected from 8 parental colonies on each occasion, fertilised and symbiont-free larvae were cultured at approximately 500 larvae L-1 in 500 L flow-through tanks (Negri and Heyward, 2001, Nordborg et al., 2018). Larvae were competent to settle after 5 d and we used 7-10-day old A. tenuis larvae, each 800-1000 µm in length for consistency in the pesticide exposure experiments. The five pesticides in this study were > 98% pure and purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (NSW, Australia). Stock solutions (5 mg l-1) of all pesticides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, final concentration < 0.01% (v/v) in exposures) and prepared in milli-Q water. A. tenuis larvae were exposed to diazinon (2.62 – 638 µg l-1), fipronil (1.57 – 1144 µg l-1), imidacloprid (3.88 – 947 µg l-1), chlorothalonil (0.69 – 507 µg l-1) and propiconazole (8.42 – 2053 µg l-1). Pesticide analyses were done by The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Woolloongabba, Australia. Static exposures were conducted in 20 mL glass scintillation vials containing 12-14 larvae made up to 10 mL filtered seawater (0.5 µm) with 6-7 concentrations (per pesticide) and 6 replicate vials per concentration. All tests included solvent controls containing identical concentrations of DMSO carrier. Seawater and solvent carrier controls were run in 12-18 replicate vials. Copper (CuCl2) was used as a reference toxicant at 6 concentrations between 1.12 – 36 µg L-1 and 6 replicate vials per concentration. Glass vials were transferred in random positions within a refrigerated shaking incubator (TLM-530, Thermoline Scientific) at 70 RPM to maintain gentle water movement which prevents larvae from attaching and undergoing metamorphosis in the containers (Negri et al., 2016). Larvae were exposed under a light intensity of approximately 60 µmol photons m-2 s-1 (12:12 h L:D cycle) and at 26.7 ± 0.7 °C (range). Vials were re-randomised at 24 h. After 48 h exposure larvae and treatment water were transferred into 6-well polystyrene culture plates (Nunc, NY, USA) and returned to the incubator but without water movement. Metamorphosis was initiated by the addition of crustose coralline algae (CCA) extract