,Insecticide: Two insecticides were used in this study: an existing formulation (tradename: Diacon IGR+ R ; Central Life Sciences, Schaumberg, IL, USA), and a new formulation with synergist (tradename: Gravista ). Diacon IGR+ contains 11.4% methoprene and 4.75% deltamethrin, with a label rate of 0.12 kg AI/L and 0.05 kg AI/L. The label rate as a residual surface treatment gives a range of 28.5 mL AI/L−171 mL AI/L H2O to cover 94 m2 for both compounds. We used the maximum labeled rate of 24 mg AI/m2 for deltamethrin and 57 mg AI/m2 for methoprene. This corresponded to 0.3 ml of the formulation in 25 ml H2O, sprayed at the rate of 0.3 ml per 50.3 cm2 arena, using an artist’s air brush (Badger 100 series, Badger Corporation, Franklin Park, IL, US) for each treatment. Each replicate was evenly applied to the concrete dish using a compressor pump. The new Gravista formulation has one labeled rate of 684 ml formulation/L H2O to cover 92.9 m2. To achieve this, we mixed 0.5 ml of the new formulation in 10 ml H2O. This was sprayed at the same rate as the other compound. Distilled water was used for the control arenas at 0.3 mL per arena. The arenas were given 8 h to dry prior to use in experiments. Insects (20 of each species per replicate) were exposed on the insecticide-treated petri dishes for either 4 or 24 h. After exposure, individual Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais were removed and placed into clean Petri dish arenas and evaluated for condition. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus and S. zeamais were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions (Ranabhat et al., 2022).,,Dispersal and Mortality: To test dispersal capacity to new food patches, a dispersal apparatus was employed. Species-specific cohorts of 20 adults (P. truncatus or S. zeamais) were exposed to Gravista, IGR+, or an untreated control as above for 4 or 24 h, then given 48 h to disperse across 30 or 70 cm standardized sections of PVC pipe (3.175 cm ID). After exposure to insecticide formulations, insects were evaluated for condition after exposure before placing them in the dispersal apparatus. The ends of both sides of the PVC pipe were sealed with mesh (425 μm) to prevent escape. At the far end of the pipe, a hole (2 cm D) was drilled and centered over a glass jar (5 × 6.5 cm D:H) to create a pitfall trap design. The glass jar contained 20 g of whole maize kernels, representing a novel food patch, to induce insects to disperse with food kairomones. Untreated, clean, and uninfested yellow maize was used in the experiments. Grain was sourced from Heartland Mills (Marienthal, KS, USA), and frozen for 72 h prior to use to ensure no prior insect infestation was present. At the end of the sampling period, the number of insects in the jar and their mortality was scored as alive, affected or dead. In addition, the position of each individual was recorded as residing in zone 1 (at the release point), zone 2 (in first half of tube), zone 3 (in second half of tube), or zone 4 (collection jar with maize). In total, there were n = 12 replicate cohorts for each species and combination of distance and treatment. In total, 1,440 P. truncatus and 1,440 S. zeamais were tested in this experiment.,

,Experimental Insects,Four to eight-week mixed-sex adults of a field strain from Eastern Kansas (collected in 2022, hereafter FS-22) and pyrethroid-resistant strain collected from Juiz de Fora County in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil in 2006 (hereafter, Brazil-resistant) S. zeamais were used in this study. The Brazil-resistant strain exhibits high pyrethroid resistance and low fenitrothion resistance and has been used in prior studies (Guedes et al., 2006a). These strains were reared and maintained on tempered organic maize at 25–27.5 °C, 65% RH, and 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Synergist-coated glass vials,In this study, we used one of the most effective synergists, piperonyl butoxide (PBO, Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Briefly, each of 20-ml glass scintillation vials was coated with 0.5 ml of PBO solution in acetone (solvent) at 0.1 mg/ml by using a Roto-Torque Heavy Duty Rotator (Model 7637, Cole-Parmer Instrument Company, Vernon Hills, IL, USA). For the control, vials were treated with 0.5 ml of acetone (solvent) only.,LLIN treatment,We used 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin based LLIN (63.2 mg/m2 active ingredient (a.i.), 40 deniers, 100 holes/cm2; Carifend®, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and a netting physically identical but without insecticide (Casa Collection, Mesh White, 1721-9668; Jo-Ann's, Hudson, OH, USA) as a control netting in our study.,Effects of synergists on LLIN against S. zeamais,A cohort of 20 mixed-sex S. zeamais adults was first pre-exposed to each scintillation vial coated with PBO or acetone (control) for 60 min (1 h) or 180 min (3 h). The pre-exposed adults were then transferred to each plastic Petri dish (9 × 9 cm square) containing either LLIN or control netting and were exposed for 60 min or 180 min. The inside walls of the dishes were coated with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) preparation (e.g., fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, MilliporeSigma GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. After exposure, insects were placed in an environmental chamber under constant conditions (30°C, 65% RH, and 16:8 L:D). A total of n = 5 replicates were performed per treatment combination of strain, exposure time, netting type, and synergist. Immediate mortality was recorded directly after exposure, as well as delayed mortality at 24, 48, 72, and 168 h later. Insect conditions were recorded as alive, affected, or dead as described by Ranabhat et al. (2022). Specifically, insects moving normally were considered alive, whereas they were considered affected if they moved in an uneven pattern and/or exhibited twitching of tarsi or antennae or showed lethargic or drunken movements. On the other hand, insects were considered dead if no visible movement was observed after disturbance with a fine brush.,Lethal exposure assay to determine the susceptibility of S. zeamais,For this assay, a cohort of 20 mixed-sex adults of laboratory (pyrethroid-susceptible, FS-22) or Brazil pyrethroid-resistant strain of S. zeamais was exposed each 20-mL glass scintillation vial coated with a 2 mg/ml deltamethrin solution in acetone (solvent) or acetone only (control) at constant conditions (27.5° ± 0.1 C, 65% RH, 16:8 L:D) in an environmental chamber. Each of the three insect conditions including alive, affected, or dead as described above was recorded at each of 12 time points (i.e., 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, 144, 168, 192, and 216 h) after the exposure. To examine the insect’s conditions, the exposed adults from each vial were transferred to each plastic Petri dish (90 mm in diameter; 59.4 cm2 bottom surface area) with a lining of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) that was adhered to the bottom using double-sided tape. The inside walls of the dishes were covered with a polytetrafluoroethylene preparation (Fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, MilliporeSigma GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. The insect conditions were

,Insects,Adult P. truncatus were obtained from insect colonies kept in the Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology (LEAZ), at the Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece, on whole maize kernels, at 26°C and 55% relative humidity (RH) and continuous darkness.,Insecticide-Incorporated Netting,The experiments were carried out in plastic petri dishes 90 mm in diameter (50.4 cm2 bottom surface). The inside of each petri dish was covered with two types of LLIN (0.4% deltamethrin, D-Terrence, Vestergaard INC., Lausanne Switzerland; and 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin, Carifend, BASF Ag, Ludwigshafen, Germany) and a polytetraflurorethylene preparation (Fluon, 60 wt% dispersion in water, Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) to prevent insects from escaping. An additional series of dishes with physically identical control netting were prepared without an insecticide treatment to serve as the control. Twenty P. truncatus were then exposed on the insecticide-treated netting in petri dishes for 60, 90, 120, 240 min, 1, 3, and 5 days.,Mortality and Recovery,After exposure, insects were evaluated for mortality and individual P. truncatus that remained alive or knocked down (not dead) were then place into clean Petri dish arenas with a small amount of clean cracked maize kernels and evaluated for delayed mortality after 7 days. Using a stereomicroscope (SMZ-18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) under 60× magnification, P. truncatus were classified as alive (moving normally, is able to right itself when flipped over, no twitching), affected (moving sluggishly or erratically, unable to right itself, twitching of antennae or legs may be present), or dead (completely immobile even after prodding) according to prior published definitions. There were three 3 replicates for each time treatment and netting type and 3 subreplicates for a total of 9 replicates for each treatment combination.,Explanation of files,The file "Greece Net Data 2023_All" includes the raw mortality ratings, whereas "Greece Net Data 2023_Recovery" includes calculated recovery values by P. truncatus, where recovery was calculated to "alive" from the initial reading (0 d) in "Greece Net Data 2023_All".,

,This dataset aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature on the utilization of LLINs in the management of pre- and postharvest pest insect species (excluding those in urban systems and vectors). By synthesizing findings from a broad spectrum of studies, we aim to discern patterns relative to system and experimental design and develop a new synthesized understanding of the effectiveness of LLINs in agriculture. Moreover, our dataset intends to identify and address gaps in current knowledge. Through a meta-analytical approach, this review aims to distill key insights that can inform future research directions, and practical applications in the integrated management programs of pre- and postharvest insect pests.,,The goal of this dataset is to understand the efficacy of long-lasting insecticide netting in agriculture. We used databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find studies related to LLIN. First, we carried out a literature search on the topic of insecticide netting. We used various Keyword combinations to identify a broad initial dataset, including various terms such as ‘netting’, ‘LLIN’ ‘insecticide netting’ in combination with either ‘insects’, ‘preharvest’, ‘postharvest’, and ‘agriculture’. Papers were individually checked to ensure they met criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis, which included that 1) articles were published between 1990–2024, 2) the focus was on agricultural crops (not urban systems or vectored diseases), 3) netting was not solely used for exclusion (e.g., in the absence of an insecticidal ingredient), and 4) included a proper negative or stakeholder standard control. At the end, this left us with a total of 44 peer-reviewed publications (23 postharvest + 22 preharvest studies, one common study for pre and postharvest insects) with 285 data points on the efficacy of LLINs in agriculture. However, an additional required criterion was that all studies needed to present means, standard errors, and samples sizes for both controls and LLIN treatment. After this additional criterion, there was a final total of 31 peer-reviewed publications (19 postharvest + 12 preharvest studies). Additionally, potential publication bias was assessed by using funnel plots, and statistical tests were evaluated.,

,Aim of Dataset,In this work, we performed a two-year latitudinal biosurveillance program for Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), related bostrichids, and Sitophilus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in and around grain production and some natural areas to evaluate how landscape elements, latitude, and season affected their spatiotemporal dynamics.,Sampling locations & traps,The biosurveillance program was conducted by use of a trapping network in central North America in 2021 and 2022 and also in Greece in 2022. Trapping locations were selected along a latitudinal series across major grain-producing states in central North America from 19.6 to 46.8° N, including Estado de México in México, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota (Figure 1; Supplementary Table 1). The number of sites was expanded in 2022 compared to 2021 to provide a more comprehensive picture. At each location, we set up three-trap transects in each of two to three habitats: (1) near row crops (e.g., wheat, maize or soybean), (2) near a food storage facility (e.g. bins, elevator, or processor), and (3) in a natural habitat with no grain source nearby. Pitfall traps (Storgard Dome™ traps, Trécé, Inc., Adair, OK, USA) and 4-funnel Lindgren traps (Bioquip, Rancho Dominguez, CA, USA) spaced 5–10 m apart with a vented collection cup (9.5 × 15.2 cm D:H) at the base were used. The Lindgren traps included a 9 cm (D) piece of 0.4% w/w deltamethrin-incorporated netting or a 1-inch piece of No-Pest Strip (Hot Shot, Reynold’s Consumer Products, Lake Forest, IL) as the kill mechanism, as these have successfully been used in traps in the past (Wilkins et al. 2021). There were either three or four Lindgren or four pitfall traps in a given transect. The Lindgren traps were baited with a commercial formulation of male-produced P. truncatus aggregation pheromone (IL-953, Insects Limited, Westfield, IN, USA), Sitophilus spp. aggregation pheromone separately (IL-703, Insects Limited), multi-species pheromone lures for the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae), the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and Trogoderma spp. (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (IL-708, Insects Limited), and a R. dominica pheromone septa (Item#3158, Trece, Inc., Adair, OK, USA). A batch of lures was purchased in May 2021, and another batch was purchased in April 2022. The pitfall trap only contained the Sitophilus spp. and/or P. truncatus lure. We also added a small amount of maize or wheat to keep insects in the pitfall trap based on synergized response with food cues + pheromones for Sitophilus spp. (Trematerra and Girgenti 1989). The traps were deployed for 7-d periods either on a weekly or monthly basis depending on location from 14 June to as late as 7 Dec 2021 and 4 May to 6 Dec 2022. In Greece, the same protocol as above was utilized in a compressed timeframe consisting of 4 weeks during the key maize harvest in September 2022 at 4 sites between Volos and Thessaloniki (Central and Northern Greece).,Insect identification and specimen deposition,Insects were identified to species or genus where possible for all specimens using the USDA and Canadian taxonomic keys for stored product insects (Bousquet 1990; USDA 1991). Each trap capture was noted separately along with identifying information, and the abundance of P. truncatus, P. punctatus, other Bostrichidae, and Sitophilus spp. (including S. zeamais and S. oryzae) were recorded. Insects were identified using a dissecting microscope (SMZ18, Nikon Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at 30 x magnification. All specimens for project were deposited at the Kansas State University Museum of Entomological and Prairie Arthropod Research in the Department of Entomology.,,

,Experimental Insects,The field strains of T. castaneum and R. dominica (F.) were used in this study. The former originates from Eastern Kansas in 2012, and the latter is also from Eastern Kansas but from 2019. For all species, four to eight-week-old adults were used. Rearings were kept at the USDA Center for Grain Animal Health Research in Manhattan, KS. Tribolium castaneum was reared on a mixture of 95% unbleached, organic flour and 5% brewer’s yeast, while R. dominica was reared on tempered organic whole wheat. Colonies were maintained at 27.5°C, 65% RH, and 14:10 or 16:8 (L:D) h photoperiod.,Treatments,Treatments included exposure to three different types of long-lasting insecticide-incorporated netting (LLIN). These consisted of 1) Carifend®, LLIN with 0.34% alpha-cypermethrin (40 deniers, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), 2) D-Terrence, LLIN with 0.4% deltamethrin (2 × 2 mm mesh, Vestergaard SA., Lausanne, Switzerland), and 3) 8% etofenprox LLIN (AgBio, Inc, CO, USA), and for control, we used netting identical to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but lacking insecticide.,Direct Lethality Assessments,Cohort of 20 mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed for 5, 60, or 120-min intervals on netting affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, we took the evaluated condition after 0, 24, 72, or 168 h (as alive, affected, or dead condition, according to the definitions described in Ranabhat et al. (2022) in Petri dishes without netting containing 8.5 cm D filter paper. Briefly, living adults were defined as moving with normal speed and activity and able to right themselves if flipped. By contrast, affected adults exhibited sluggish or drunken movements, could not right themselves if flipped, and some or all of their limbs exhibited twitching. Dead adults were completely immobile. For post-exposure treatment, adults were held under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food after exposure. We performed a total of n = 4 replications per treatment combination for each species.,Baseline Mobility Assay after Exposure to LLINs,Based on the observation of the lethality assay, we focused our baseline mobility assay on Carifend® and D-Terrence LLIN. Using only alive adults, we assessed their movement in six individual Petri dishes (100 × 15 mm D: H) that consisted of a filter paper (85 mm D, Grade 1, GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) lining. Treatments included a negative control (e.g., filter paper only), one of the two LLINS, or an identical netting to the Carifend or Vestergaard netting but without insecticide (e.g., as a positive control). Their movement was tracked for 60-min using a network camera (GigE, Basler AG, Ehrenburg, Germany) affixed 80 cm above the dishes. The Petri dishes were backlit using a LED light box (42 × 30 cm W: L, LPB3, Litup, Shenzhen, China) to increase contrast and affixed in place with white foam board. The video was streamed to a computer and processed in Ethovision (v.14.0, Noldus Inc., Leesburg, VA). The program automatically calculated the total distance moved (cm) and the instantaneous velocity (cm/s) over the 60-min period for each adult. Each adult was considered a replicate and was never used more than once. In total, n = 18 replicates were performed per treatment combination.,Comparison of Sublethal Effects among LLINs,For the sublethal movement assay, mixed-sex adult beetles were exposed to the Carifend®, D-Terrence LLIN, or control net as mentioned above. Cohorts of 5–10 adults were exposed for 5- or 60-min intervals on LLINs affixed to a 9 × 9 cm2 Petri dish in the laboratory. After exposure, the effects of the LLINs on adult movement were assessed either immediately or after 72 h in Petri dishes under the same environmental chamber conditions as the colonies but without supplemental food and then assayed using the video-tracking system described above by using Ethovision software. Only adults classified as alive or

,The work completed here assessed the repellency behavior of different essential oils on the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The goal was to understand how non-chemical and naturally occurring oils could serve as repellents to stored product insect pests, leading to lower risk integrated pest management techniques. The work assessed 15 different oils for initial repellency in a small wind tunnel assay and performed further repellency assays on 7 that showed some potential in repelling the insects. Other assays used on the 7 potential oils were a larger wind tunnel assay, a bin assay that assessed taxis to the oil, and an overall behavioral assay that assessed distance moved, speed, and angular turning in the presence of the oil. We found inconsistent results of repellency of these oils, but a significant impact of the oils and whether red flour beetles were by themselves or in groups. The data provided here detail proximity to the oil for the small and large wind tunnel and the bin assays as well as distance metrics as calculated by the behavioral tracking program Ethovision XT.,Small wind tunnel data: treatment (oil or water), close = number of individuals close to the treatment, far = number of individuals far from the treatment, experiment = group or individual.,Large wind tunnel data: treatment (oil or water), S = number of individuals at stimulus edge, NS = no response, A = Away from treatment, B = close to tunnel.,Ethovision Data: rep = replicate beetle, all treatments are across the top, ethovision_output = identity of Ethovision calculation.,Bin Taxis: Treatment = repellent oil present, close = near oil, far = away from oil, oil_pair = what the control was paired with (for oils it is just repeated), time = duration of exposure.,