This data release provides a monthly irrigation water use reanalysis for the period 2000-20 for all USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset of Subwatersheds (Hydrologic Unit Code 12 [HUC12]) in the conterminous United States (CONUS). Results include reference evapotranspiration (ETo), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigated areas, consumptive use, and effective precipitation for each HUC12. ETo and ETa were estimated using the operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop, Senay and others, 2013; Senay and others, 2020) model executed in the OpenET (Melton and others, 2021) web-based application implemented in Google Earth Engine. Results provided by OpenET/SSEBop were summarized to hydrologic response units (HRUs) in the National Hydrologic Model (NHM; Regan and others, 2019) to estimate consumptive use and effective precipitation on irrigated lands. Irrigated lands for the CONUS were provided by the Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID; Xie and others, 2019) for each year of the reanalysis period. Consumptive use estimates provided by the NHM were disaggregated to HUC12s using area weighted intersections with HRUs and the relative proportion of irrigated lands in each intersected area. This data release includes data and source code required to develop the irrigation reanalysis workflow along with the scripts and data required to replicate the output results. The workflow has three main steps that were automated using python scripts: 1) convert daily OpenET/SSEBop results into input for the NHM, 2) run a modified version of the NHM that is an application of the GSFLOW software package (GSFLOW version 2.3) to estimate daily results, and 3) post-process NHM results to monthly, then summarize and disaggregate ETo, ETa, irrigated areas, consumptive use, and effective precipitation to all HUC12s in the CONUS for the period 2000-20.

This data release provides a monthly irrigation water use reanalysis for the period 2000-20 for all USGS Watershed Boundary Dataset of Subwatersheds (Hydrologic Unit Code 12 [HUC12]) in the conterminous United States (CONUS). Results include reference evapotranspiration (ETo), actual evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigated areas, consumptive use, and effective precipitation for each HUC12. ETo and ETa were estimated using the operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop, Senay and others, 2013; Senay and others, 2020) model executed in the OpenET (Melton and others, 2021) web-based application implemented in Google Earth Engine. Results provided by OpenET/SSEBop were summarized to hydrologic response units (HRUs) in the National Hydrologic Model (NHM; Regan and others, 2019) to estimate consumptive use and effective precipitation on irrigated lands. Irrigated lands for the CONUS were provided by the Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID; Xie and others, 2019) for each year of the reanalysis period. Consumptive use estimates provided by the NHM were disaggregated to HUC12s using area weighted intersections with HRUs and the relative proportion of irrigated lands in each intersected area. This data release includes data and source code required to develop the irrigation reanalysis workflow along with the scripts and data required to replicate the output results. The workflow has three main steps that were automated using python scripts: 1) convert daily OpenET/SSEBop results into input for the NHM, 2) run a modified version of the NHM that is an application of the GSFLOW software package (GSFLOW version 2.3) to estimate daily results, and 3) post-process NHM results to monthly, then summarize and disaggregate ETo, ETa, irrigated areas, consumptive use, and effective precipitation to all HUC12s in the CONUS for the period 2000-20.

This dataset presents the total monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates for surface-water and groundwater sourced utility-scale thermoelectric power plants by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the United States for 2015. The water withdrawal and consumption estimate methods and data are published in USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5103 "Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States, 2015" available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195103. The data release described by this metadata documents the summation of the monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates by the HUC12 in which the facilities reside. These monthly estimates by HUC12 support USGS National Integrated Water Availability Assessments Water Use Maps.

This dataset presents the total monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates for surface-water and groundwater sourced utility-scale thermoelectric power plants by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the United States for 2015. The water withdrawal and consumption estimate methods and data are published in USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2019-5103 "Withdrawal and Consumption of Water by Thermoelectric Power Plants in the United States, 2015" available at https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20195103. The data release described by this metadata documents the summation of the monthly water withdrawal and consumption estimates by the HUC12 in which the facilities reside. These monthly estimates by HUC12 support USGS National Integrated Water Availability Assessments Water Use Maps.

The USGS has published United States water-use data every five years since 1950. To increase the temporal and spatial availability of water use estimates using nationally consistent methods, the USGS is developing national water-use models for each major water-use category. This data release publishes crop irrigation withdrawals for the conterminous United States (CONUS) that are calculated using modeled irrigation consumptive use (Martin and others, 2023), irrigation efficiencies, and source-water proportions (Dieter and others, 2018). Crop irrigation withdrawals and irrigation consumptive use refer to water removed and consumed, respectively, from a groundwater or surface-water source to produce agricultural crops. Monthly withdrawals provided include groundwater, surface water, and the combined total withdrawal for areas contained in the twelve-digit watershed boundary (HUC12) dataset during the reanalysis period, 2000-2020. HUC12 annual 2000-2020 irrigation efficiencies included in this data release combine efficiencies from irrigation system types (accounting for water lost during application to crops) and conveyances (accounting for water lost during transmission through canals and pipes). Irrigated crops were mapped using the Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID; Xie and Lark, 2021; Martin and others, 2023) and the Cropland Data Layer (USDA NASS, 2022) that were linked to irrigation system types (USDA NASS, 2014) to estimate irrigation system efficiencies for each HUC12 in the CONUS (Howell, 2003 and FAO, 1989). Conveyance loss volumes (USDA NASS, 2020) were used to estimate and map surface-water conveyance efficiencies. Total efficiencies were calculated for HUC12 units by combining irrigation system and conveyance efficiencies. Irrigation withdrawals and efficiencies were produced using published data sources to provide these estimates in a timely manner. On-going work to develop dynamic maps of irrigation system type and other datasets for the CONUS will be used in the future to refine the estimates provided here. Estimation of irrigation withdrawals using irrigation consumptive use and efficiencies neglects some components of water use for crops, including water used for frost protection, salt leaching, harvesting, and other non-consumptive-use based treatments. For this reason, irrigation withdrawals provided here may under-estimate total withdrawals where non-consumptive treatments are significant.

The USGS has published United States water-use data every five years since 1950. To increase the temporal and spatial availability of water use estimates using nationally consistent methods, the USGS is developing national water-use models for each major water-use category. This data release publishes crop irrigation withdrawals for the conterminous United States (CONUS) that are calculated using modeled irrigation consumptive use (Martin and others, 2023), irrigation efficiencies, and source-water proportions (Dieter and others, 2018). Crop irrigation withdrawals and irrigation consumptive use refer to water removed and consumed, respectively, from a groundwater or surface-water source to produce agricultural crops. Monthly withdrawals provided include groundwater, surface water, and the combined total withdrawal for areas contained in the twelve-digit watershed boundary (HUC12) dataset during the reanalysis period, 2000-2020. HUC12 annual 2000-2020 irrigation efficiencies included in this data release combine efficiencies from irrigation system types (accounting for water lost during application to crops) and conveyances (accounting for water lost during transmission through canals and pipes). Irrigated crops were mapped using the Landsat-based Irrigation Dataset (LANID; Xie and Lark, 2021; Martin and others, 2023) and the Cropland Data Layer (USDA NASS, 2022) that were linked to irrigation system types (USDA NASS, 2014) to estimate irrigation system efficiencies for each HUC12 in the CONUS (Howell, 2003 and FAO, 1989). Conveyance loss volumes (USDA NASS, 2020) were used to estimate and map surface-water conveyance efficiencies. Total efficiencies were calculated for HUC12 units by combining irrigation system and conveyance efficiencies. Irrigation withdrawals and efficiencies were produced using published data sources to provide these estimates in a timely manner. On-going work to develop dynamic maps of irrigation system type and other datasets for the CONUS will be used in the future to refine the estimates provided here. Estimation of irrigation withdrawals using irrigation consumptive use and efficiencies neglects some components of water use for crops, including water used for frost protection, salt leaching, harvesting, and other non-consumptive-use based treatments. For this reason, irrigation withdrawals provided here may under-estimate total withdrawals where non-consumptive treatments are significant.

This dataset contains water-use estimates for 2015 that are aggregated to the county level in the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) National Water Use Science Project is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has published an estimate of water use in the United States every 5 years, beginning in 1950. Water-use estimates aggregated to the State level are presented in USGS Circular 1441, "Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015" (Dieter and others, 2018). This dataset contains the county-level water-use data that support the state-level estimates in Dieter and others 2018. This dataset contains data for public supply, domestic, irrigation, thermoelectric power, industrial, mining, livestock, and aquaculture water-use categories. First posted September 28, 2017, ver. 1.0 Revised June 19, 2018, ver. 2.0 Version 2.0: This version of the dataset contains total population data and water-use estimates for 2015 for the following categories: Public supply, domestic, irrigation, thermoelectric power, industrial, mining, livestock, and aquaculture. Data are aggregated to the county level. A value of "--" denotes that values were not estimated for an optional attribute. Some values in the public supply and domestic categories have been updated from those found in version 1.0 of this dataset. Version 1.0: This version of the dataset contains total population data and water-use estimates for the public supply and domestic categories for 2015 that are aggregated to the county level in the United States. A "--" in the attributes "PS-GWPop" or "PS-SWPop" denotes that values were not estimated for an optional attribute. All other occurrences of "--" denote data for an attribute in a water-use category that has not yet been released. Version 1.0 data are available upon request.

This dataset contains water-use estimates for 2015 that are aggregated to the county level in the United States. The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) National Water Use Science Project is responsible for compiling and disseminating the Nation's water-use data. Working in cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, the USGS has published an estimate of water use in the United States every 5 years, beginning in 1950. Water-use estimates aggregated to the State level are presented in USGS Circular 1441, "Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015" (Dieter and others, 2018). This dataset contains the county-level water-use data that support the state-level estimates in Dieter and others 2018. This dataset contains data for public supply, domestic, irrigation, thermoelectric power, industrial, mining, livestock, and aquaculture water-use categories. First posted September 28, 2017, ver. 1.0 Revised June 19, 2018, ver. 2.0 Version 2.0: This version of the dataset contains total population data and water-use estimates for 2015 for the following categories: Public supply, domestic, irrigation, thermoelectric power, industrial, mining, livestock, and aquaculture. Data are aggregated to the county level. A value of "--" denotes that values were not estimated for an optional attribute. Some values in the public supply and domestic categories have been updated from those found in version 1.0 of this dataset. Version 1.0: This version of the dataset contains total population data and water-use estimates for the public supply and domestic categories for 2015 that are aggregated to the county level in the United States. A "--" in the attributes "PS-GWPop" or "PS-SWPop" denotes that values were not estimated for an optional attribute. All other occurrences of "--" denote data for an attribute in a water-use category that has not yet been released. Version 1.0 data are available upon request.

This dataset is part of the National Water Census Water Budget Estimation and Evaluation Project's ongoing development of best estimates of daily historical water budgets for about 100,000 hydrologic units across the United States. In this release, estimates of soil moisture and recharge are added to the already released estimates of streamflow and precipitation. All these estimates are made available per twelve-digit hydrologic unit code watershed as contained in the NHDPlusV2 dataset. As this project progresses, it is expected that a complete closed water budget generated from the same water budget model will succeed this data release. For background on generation of these wate rbudget variables, see: Hay, L.E., 2019, Application of the National Hydrologic Model Infrastructure with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (NHM-PRMS), by HRU Calibrated Version: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NM8K8W The water budget variables were converted to a hydrologic unit basis using area-weighted spatial interpolation. All code used for conversions are included as an attachment to this data release. Summary of Files Included: 1) hu12_ids.csv - twelve digit hydrologic unit code identifiers used in all files. 2) timesteps.csv - timesteps used in all files. 3) nhm_recharge.nc - NetCDF version of recharge data 4) nhm_recharge_grid.csv - One timestep per row version of recharge data 5) nhm_recharge_timeseries.csv - One HUC12 per row version of recharge data 6) nhm_soil_moist.nc - NetCDF version of soil moisture data 7) nhm_soil_moisture_grid.csv - One timestep per row version of soil moisture data 8) nhm_soil_moisture_timeseries.csv - One HUC12 per row version of soil moisture data 9) scripts.zip - A reproducible R workflow to create outputs implemented with the drake package.

This dataset is part of the National Water Census Water Budget Estimation and Evaluation Project's ongoing development of best estimates of daily historical water budgets for about 100,000 hydrologic units across the United States. In this release, estimates of soil moisture and recharge are added to the already released estimates of streamflow and precipitation. All these estimates are made available per twelve-digit hydrologic unit code watershed as contained in the NHDPlusV2 dataset. As this project progresses, it is expected that a complete closed water budget generated from the same water budget model will succeed this data release. For background on generation of these wate rbudget variables, see: Hay, L.E., 2019, Application of the National Hydrologic Model Infrastructure with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (NHM-PRMS), by HRU Calibrated Version: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9NM8K8W The water budget variables were converted to a hydrologic unit basis using area-weighted spatial interpolation. All code used for conversions are included as an attachment to this data release. Summary of Files Included: 1) hu12_ids.csv - twelve digit hydrologic unit code identifiers used in all files. 2) timesteps.csv - timesteps used in all files. 3) nhm_recharge.nc - NetCDF version of recharge data 4) nhm_recharge_grid.csv - One timestep per row version of recharge data 5) nhm_recharge_timeseries.csv - One HUC12 per row version of recharge data 6) nhm_soil_moist.nc - NetCDF version of soil moisture data 7) nhm_soil_moisture_grid.csv - One timestep per row version of soil moisture data 8) nhm_soil_moisture_timeseries.csv - One HUC12 per row version of soil moisture data 9) scripts.zip - A reproducible R workflow to create outputs implemented with the drake package.