These are the soil quality data for each county (listed by fips code) for each scenario. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Zhang, X., T. Lark, C. Clark, Y. Yuan, and S. LeDuc. Grassland-to-cropland conversion increased soil, nutrient, and carbon losses in the US Midwest between 2008 and 2016. Environmental Research Letters. IOP Publishing LIMITED, Bristol, UK, 16: 1-14, (2021).

This dataset contains tabular data and scripts used to analyze and produce figures for the manuscript Martin et al. entitled "Tracking cropland transitions: a comparative analysis of U.S. land cover change data."

,This dataset consists of growth and yield data for each year when maize (Zea mays, L., also known as corn in the United States) was grown for grain at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU) research weather station, Bushland, Texas (Lat. 35.186714°, Long. -102.094189°, elevation 1170 m above MSL). Maize was grown for grain on four large, precision weighing lysimeters, each in the center of a 4.44 ha square field. The four square fields are themselves arranged in a larger square with the fields in four adjacent quadrants of the larger square. Fields and lysimeters within each field are thus designated northeast (NE), southeast (SE), northwest (NW), and southwest (SW). Irrigation was by linear move sprinkler system in 1989, 1990, and 1994. In 2013, 2016, and 2018, two lysimeters and their respective fields (NE and SE) were irrigated using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and two lysimeters and their respective fields (NW and SW) were irrigated by a linear move sprinkler system. Irrigations were managed to replenish soil water used by the crop on a weekly or more frequent basis as determined by soil profile water content readings made with a neutron probe to 2.4-m depth in the field. The growth and yield data include plant population density, height, plant row width, leaf area index, growth stage, total above-ground biomass, leaf and stem biomass, ear mass (when present), kernel number, and final yield. Data are from replicate samples in the field and non-destructive (except for final harvest) measurements on the weighing lysimeters. In most cases yield data are available from both manual sampling on replicate plots in each field and from machine harvest. These datasets originate from research aimed at determining crop water use (ET), crop coefficients for use in ET-based irrigation scheduling based on a reference ET, crop growth, yield, harvest index, and crop water productivity as affected by irrigation method, timing, amount (full or some degree of deficit), agronomic practices, cultivar, and weather. Prior publications have focused on maize ET, crop coefficients, and crop water productivity. Crop coefficients have been used by ET networks. The data have utility for testing simulation models of crop ET, growth, and yield and have been used by the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP), by OPENET, and by many others for testing, and calibrating models of ET that use satellite and/or weather data.,Resources in this dataset:,,

,[NOTE - 2022-09-07: this dataset is superseded by an updated version https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1526332 ],This dataset contains soil water content data developed from neutron probe readings taken in access tubes in two of the four large, precision weighing lysimeters and in the fields surrounding each lysimeter that were planted to winter wheat at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU), Bushland, Texas (Lat. 35.186714°, Long. -102.094189°, elevation 1170 m above MSL) beginning in 1989. Data in each spreadsheet are for one winter wheat growing season, either 1989-1990, 1991-1992, or 1992-1993. Other readings taken in those years for other crops are reported elsewhere. Data for the 1989-1990 season and the 1992-1993 season are from the northwest (NW) and southwest (SW) weighing lysimeters and surrounding fields. Data for the 1991-1992 season are from the northeast (NE) and southeast (SE) weighing lysimeters and surrounding fields. Readings were taken periodically with a field-calibrated neutron probe at depths from 10 cm to 230 cm (maximum of 190 cm depth in the lysimeters) in 20-cm depth increments. Periods between readings were typically one to two weeks, sometimes longer according to experimental design and need for data. Field calibrations in the Pullman soil series were done every few years. Calibrations typically produced a regression equation with RMSE <= 0.01 m3 m-3 (e.g., Evett and Steiner, 1995). Data were used to guide irrigation scheduling to achieve full or deficit irrigation as required by the experimental design. Data may be used to calculate the soil profile water content in mm of water from the surface to the maximum depth of reading. Profile water content differences between reading times in the same access tube are considered the change in soil water storage during the period in question and may be used to compute evapotranspiration (ET) using the soil water balance equation: ET = (change in storage + P + I + F + R, where P is precipitation during the period, I is irrigation during the period, F is soil water flux (drainage) out of the bottom of the soil profile during the period, and R is the sum of runon and runoff during the period. Typically, R is taken as zero because the fields were furrow diked to prevent runon and runoff during most of each growing season.,,

,This dataset consists of growth and yield data for each season when upland cotton [Gossympium hirsutum (L.)] was grown for lint and seed at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL), Soil and Water Management Research Unit (SWMRU), Bushland, Texas (Lat. 35.186714°, Long. -102.094189°, elevation 1170 m above MSL). In the 2000 through 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2020 seasons, cotton was grown on from one to four large, precision weighing lysimeters, each in the center of a 4.44 ha square field also planted to cotton. The square fields were themselves arranged in a larger square with four fields in four adjacent quadrants of the larger square. Fields and lysimeters within each field were thus designated northeast (NE), southeast (SE), northwest (NW), and southwest (SW). Cotton was grown on different combinations of fields in different years. When irrigated, irrigation was by linear move sprinkler system years before 2014, and by both sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation in 2020. Irrigation protocols described as full were managed to replenish soil water used by the crop on a weekly or more frequent basis as determined by soil profile water content readings made with a neutron probe to 2.4-m depth in the field. Irrigation protocols described as deficit typically involved irrigation at rates established as percentages of full irrigation ranging from 33% to 75% depending on the year.,The growth and yield data typically include plant population density, height, plant row width, leaf area index, growth stage, total above-ground biomass, leaf and stem biomass, boll mass (when present), lint mass, seed mass, final yield, and lint quality. Data are from replicate samples in the field and non-destructive (except for final harvest) measurements on the weighing lysimeters. In most cases yield data are available from only manual sampling on replicate plots in each field and lysimeters.,These datasets originate from research aimed at determining crop water use (ET), crop coefficients for use in ET-based irrigation scheduling based on a reference ET, crop growth, yield, harvest index, and crop water productivity as affected by irrigation method, timing, amount (full or some degree of deficit), agronomic practices, cultivar, and weather. Prior publications have focused on cotton ET, crop coefficients, crop water productivity, and simulation modeling of crop water use, growth, and yield. Crop coefficients have been used by ET networks. The data have utility for testing simulation models of crop ET, growth, and yield and have been used for testing, and calibrating models of ET that use satellite and/or weather data.,See the README for descriptions of each data file.,

,Alfalfa (Medicago spp.) interseeded into rangeland has been shown to improve the quantity and quality of forage available for grazing. Information regarding soil responses to interseeded alfalfa in rangeland, however, is lacking. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of alfalfa transplanted into native rangeland on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. The study was located approximately 5 km south of Mandan, ND USA on a Temvik silt loam soil (USDA: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive frigid Typic Haplustoll). Treatments included three alfalfa cultivars transplanted into rangeland and a native vegetation control. Treatments were applied using a randomized block design with five replications. Soil properties measured during the study included soil bulk density, soil organic carbon, and total soil nitrogen. Measurements were made in 2001 (baseline) and again 2005 following four years of alfalfa growth. Samples were collected using a step-down probe in depth increments of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 cm. Duplicate cores from each treatment were composited by depth. Soil carbon and nitrogen were quantified by the dry combustion method. Data may be used to understand soil property responses to interseeded alfalfa in rangeland. Data are generally applicable to rangelands under a semiarid Continental climate for the following soil types: Grassna, Linton, Mandan, Temvik, Williams, and Wilton.,

This dataset contains tables of estimated fertilizer and manure nutrient inputs in kilograms to individual stream catchments of the continental United States from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus Version 2.1 (McKay and others, 2012). These data were downscaled from county-level estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs from Falcone (2021) by allocating mass of applied nutrients to appropriate land-cover from the National Land Cover Dataset and summarizing by catchment. These data were compiled for the years 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. This data release contains 8 comma separated variable tables that can be linked to the NHD Plus v2 dataset using the COMID unique identifier. Four of these tables contain information on total nitrogen and total phosphorus from fertilizer applications on agricultural and developed lands. The remaining 4 tables contain information on total nitrogen and total phosphorus from confined and unconfined animal manure sources.

Land use change ranges in each panel are in acres per thousand county acres. The white colored counties represent missing yields for at least one crop in all years.

Land use change ranges in each panel are in acres per thousand county acres. The white colored counties represent missing yields for at least one crop in all years.