This child item describes a machine learning model that was developed to estimate public-supply water use by water service area (WSA) boundary and 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) for the conterminous United States. This model was used to develop an annual and monthly reanalysis of public supply water use for the period 2000-2020. This data release contains model input feature datasets, python codes used to develop and train the water use machine learning model, and output water use predictions by HUC12 and WSA. Public supply water use estimates and statistics files for HUC12s are available on this child item landing page. Public supply water use estimates and statistics for WSAs are available in public_water_use_model.zip. This page includes the following files: PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day Note: 1) Groundwater and surface water fractions were determined using source counts as described in the 'R code that determines groundwater and surface water source fractions for public-supply water service areas, counties, and 12-digit hydrologic units' child item. 2) Some HUC12s have estimated water use of zero because no public-supply water service areas were modeled within the HUC. STAT_PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 STAT_PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 STAT_PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 public_water_use_model.zip - a zip file containing input datasets, scripts, and output datasets for the public supply water use machine learning model version_history_MLmodel.txt - a txt file describing changes in this version

This child item describes a machine learning model that was developed to estimate public-supply water use by water service area (WSA) boundary and 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) for the conterminous United States. This model was used to develop an annual and monthly reanalysis of public supply water use for the period 2000-2020. This data release contains model input feature datasets, python codes used to develop and train the water use machine learning model, and output water use predictions by HUC12 and WSA. Public supply water use estimates and statistics files for HUC12s are available on this child item landing page. Public supply water use estimates and statistics for WSAs are available in public_water_use_model.zip. This page includes the following files: PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day Note: 1) Groundwater and surface water fractions were determined using source counts as described in the 'R code that determines groundwater and surface water source fractions for public-supply water service areas, counties, and 12-digit hydrologic units' child item. 2) Some HUC12s have estimated water use of zero because no public-supply water service areas were modeled within the HUC. STAT_PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 STAT_PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 STAT_PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with statistics by HUC12 for the estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 public_water_use_model.zip - a zip file containing input datasets, scripts, and output datasets for the public supply water use machine learning model version_history_MLmodel.txt - a txt file describing changes in this version

The U.S. Geological Survey is developing national water-use models to support water resources management in the United States. Model benefits include a nationally consistent estimation approach, greater temporal and spatial resolution of estimates, efficient and automated updates of results, and capabilities to forecast water use into the future and assess model uncertainty. The term “reanalysis” refers to the process of reevaluating and recalculating water-use data using updated or refined methods, data sources, models, or assumptions. In this data release, water use refers to water that is withdrawn by public and private water suppliers and includes water provided for domestic, commercial, industrial, thermoelectric power, and public water uses, as well as water that is consumed or lost within the public supply system. Consumptive use refers to water withdrawn by the public supply system that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, or consumed by humans or livestock. This data release contains data used in a machine learning model (child item 2) to estimate monthly water use for communities that are supplied by public-supply water systems in the conterminous United States for 2000-2020. This data release also contains associated scripts used to produce input features (child items 4 - 8) as well as model water use estimates by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) and public supply water service area (WSA). HUC12 boundaries are in child item 3. Public supply delivery and consumptive use estimates are in child items 1 and 9, respectively. First posted: November 1, 2023 Revised: August 8, 2024 This version replaces the previous version of the data release: Luukkonen, C.L., Alzraiee, A.H., Larsen, J.D., Martin, D.J., Herbert, D.M., Buchwald, C.A., Houston, N.A., Valseth, K.J., Paulinski, S., Miller, L.D., Niswonger, R.G., Stewart, J.S., and Dieter, C.A., 2023, Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FUL880 Version 2.0 This data release has been updated as of 8/8/2024. The previous version has been replaced because some fractions used for downscaling WSA estimates to HUC12 did not sum to one for some WSAs in Virginia. Updated model water use estimates by HUC12 are included in this version. A change was made in two scripts to check for this condition. Output files have also been updated to preserve the leading zero in in the HUC12 codes. Additional files are also included to provide information about mapping the WSAs and groundwater and surface water fractions to HUC12 and to provide public supply water-use estimates by WSA. The 'Machine learning model that estimates total monthly and annual per capita public supply water use' child item has been updated with these corrections and additional files. A new child item 'R code used to estimate public supply consumptive water use' has been added to provide estimates of public supply consumptive use. This page includes the following files: PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day Note: 1) Groundwater and surface water

The U.S. Geological Survey is developing national water-use models to support water resources management in the United States. Model benefits include a nationally consistent estimation approach, greater temporal and spatial resolution of estimates, efficient and automated updates of results, and capabilities to forecast water use into the future and assess model uncertainty. The term “reanalysis” refers to the process of reevaluating and recalculating water-use data using updated or refined methods, data sources, models, or assumptions. In this data release, water use refers to water that is withdrawn by public and private water suppliers and includes water provided for domestic, commercial, industrial, thermoelectric power, and public water uses, as well as water that is consumed or lost within the public supply system. Consumptive use refers to water withdrawn by the public supply system that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, or consumed by humans or livestock. This data release contains data used in a machine learning model (child item 2) to estimate monthly water use for communities that are supplied by public-supply water systems in the conterminous United States for 2000-2020. This data release also contains associated scripts used to produce input features (child items 4 - 8) as well as model water use estimates by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) and public supply water service area (WSA). HUC12 boundaries are in child item 3. Public supply delivery and consumptive use estimates are in child items 1 and 9, respectively. First posted: November 1, 2023 Revised: August 8, 2024 This version replaces the previous version of the data release: Luukkonen, C.L., Alzraiee, A.H., Larsen, J.D., Martin, D.J., Herbert, D.M., Buchwald, C.A., Houston, N.A., Valseth, K.J., Paulinski, S., Miller, L.D., Niswonger, R.G., Stewart, J.S., and Dieter, C.A., 2023, Public supply water use reanalysis for the 2000-2020 period by HUC12, month, and year for the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9FUL880 Version 2.0 This data release has been updated as of 8/8/2024. The previous version has been replaced because some fractions used for downscaling WSA estimates to HUC12 did not sum to one for some WSAs in Virginia. Updated model water use estimates by HUC12 are included in this version. A change was made in two scripts to check for this condition. Output files have also been updated to preserve the leading zero in in the HUC12 codes. Additional files are also included to provide information about mapping the WSAs and groundwater and surface water fractions to HUC12 and to provide public supply water-use estimates by WSA. The 'Machine learning model that estimates total monthly and annual per capita public supply water use' child item has been updated with these corrections and additional files. A new child item 'R code used to estimate public supply consumptive water use' has been added to provide estimates of public supply consumptive use. This page includes the following files: PS_HUC12_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_HUC12_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by HUC12, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_Tot_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply total water use from 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_GW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply groundwater use for 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day PS_WSA_SW_2000_2020.csv - a csv file with estimated monthly public supply surface water use for 2000-2020 by WSA, in million gallons per day Note: 1) Groundwater and surface water

This child item describes R code used to determine public supply consumptive use estimates. Consumptive use was estimated by scaling an assumed fraction of deliveries used for outdoor irrigation by spatially explicit estimates of evaporative demand using estimated domestic and commercial, industrial, and institutional deliveries from the public supply delivery machine learning model child item. This method scales public supply water service area outdoor water use by the relationship between service area gross reference evapotranspiration provided by GridMET and annual continental U.S. (CONUS) growing season maximum evapotranspiration. This relationship to climate at the CONUS scale could result in over- or under-estimation of consumptive use at public supply service areas where local variations differ from national variations in climate. This method also assumes that 50% of deliveries for total domestic and commercial, industrial, and institutional deliveries is used for outdoor purposes. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic units from 2000-2020. This page includes the following file: PS_ConsumptiveUse.zip - a zip file containing input datasets, scripts, and output datasets

This child item describes R code used to determine public supply consumptive use estimates. Consumptive use was estimated by scaling an assumed fraction of deliveries used for outdoor irrigation by spatially explicit estimates of evaporative demand using estimated domestic and commercial, industrial, and institutional deliveries from the public supply delivery machine learning model child item. This method scales public supply water service area outdoor water use by the relationship between service area gross reference evapotranspiration provided by GridMET and annual continental U.S. (CONUS) growing season maximum evapotranspiration. This relationship to climate at the CONUS scale could result in over- or under-estimation of consumptive use at public supply service areas where local variations differ from national variations in climate. This method also assumes that 50% of deliveries for total domestic and commercial, industrial, and institutional deliveries is used for outdoor purposes. This dataset is part of a larger data release using machine learning to predict public supply water use for 12-digit hydrologic units from 2000-2020. This page includes the following file: PS_ConsumptiveUse.zip - a zip file containing input datasets, scripts, and output datasets

The population using public supply drinking water was mapped in two ways: the census enhanced method (CEM) evenly distributes the population across the census block-group, and the urban land-use enhanced method (ULUEM) distributes the population only to certain urban land use designations in order to more precisely locate public supply users. This dataset consists of the estimated population using public supply surface water distributed across block-groups.

This dataset presents the total estimated monthly public-supply water withdrawal by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the conterminous United States for 2015. Public-supply water use was estimated by spatially and temporally downscaling available data from each state. The total represents combined groundwater and surface water withdrawals for 83,178 watersheds. Public supply refers to water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers that provide water for cities, towns, rural water districts, mobile-home parks, Native American Indian reservations, and military bases. Public-supply facilities are classified under the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 4941 and provide water to at least 25 people or have a minimum of 15 connections. Water withdrawals are used mostly for domestic purposes, but also serve other customers such as commercial and industrial establishments. These monthly estimates by HUC12 support USGS National Integrated Water Availability Assessments Water Use Maps.

This dataset presents the total estimated monthly public-supply water withdrawal by 12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC12) in the conterminous United States for 2015. Public-supply water use was estimated by spatially and temporally downscaling available data from each state. The total represents combined groundwater and surface water withdrawals for 83,178 watersheds. Public supply refers to water withdrawn by public and private water suppliers that provide water for cities, towns, rural water districts, mobile-home parks, Native American Indian reservations, and military bases. Public-supply facilities are classified under the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 4941 and provide water to at least 25 people or have a minimum of 15 connections. Water withdrawals are used mostly for domestic purposes, but also serve other customers such as commercial and industrial establishments. These monthly estimates by HUC12 support USGS National Integrated Water Availability Assessments Water Use Maps.

The population using public supply drinking water was mapped in two ways: the census enhanced method (CEM) evenly distributes the population across the census block-group, and the urban land-use enhanced method (ULUEM) distributes the population only to certain urban land use designations in order to more precisely locate public supply users. This dataset consists of the estimated population using public supply surface water distributed using the urban land-use enhanced method.