A high resolution (3 cm) orthophoto of the Bluffton [Indiana] Native Habitat Waterway bottomland restoration site was generated to complement field vegetation data collected in 2015 and 2016. Aerial images were collected on 07 September, 2016 using Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS, or "drones"). Data were processed using photogrammetry to generate a three dimensional point cloud that identifies pixels from multiple images representing the same object and calculates the x, y, and z coordinates of that object/pixel. The point cloud was processed to create a digital surface model of the site (6 cm resolution). Finally, source images were stitched together based on shared pixels and orthoganally adjusted to the digital surface model to create a high resolution (approximately 3 cm) orthoimage for the study area.

A high resolution digital surface model (.tif) of the Bluffton [Indiana] Native Habitat Waterway bottomland restoration site was generated to complement field vegetation data collected in 2015 and 2016. Aerial images were collected on 07 September, 2016 using Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS, or "drones"). Data were processed using photogrammetry to generate a three dimensional point cloud that identifies pixels from multiple images representing the same object and calculates the x, y, and z coordinates of that object/pixel. The point cloud was processed to create a digital surface model of the site (6 cm resolution), representing the continuous surface of the uppermost reflective surface (i.e., data have not been filtered for vegetation classes or height). Finally, source images were stitched together based on shared pixels and orthoganally adjusted to the digital surface model to create a high resolution (approximately 3 cm) orthoimage for the study area.

In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) surveyed ground control points and coordinated aerial photograph acquisition of Hills Creek Lake, a multi-purpose reservoir in western Oregon impounded by the 92-meter ([m]; 302-foot [ft]) tall Hills Creek Dam. Aerial photographs were acquired by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) on December 20, 2023 and December 28, 2023 when water levels were at 443 and 441 m (1453 ft and 1448 ft; National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 [NGVD 29]) elevation, respectively, about 10 m above typical annual “low pool” or minimum pool for flood risk management operations. Photographs were acquired at about the same altitude with a WaldoAir XCAM Ultra 50 camera mounted on a Cessna aircraft and captured the entire reservoir area as defined by full pool (or maximum conservation pool elevation), including major tributaries entering the reservoir such as the Middle Fork Willamette River and Hills Creek, upstream of Hills Creek Dam. Dam operations at the 1,107-hectare (2735-acre) Hills Creek Lake, located about 19 kilometers upstream of the confluence of the Middle Fork Willamette River and the head of Lookout Point Lake, along with other hydrogeomorphic conditions, result in a diverse array of geomorphic processes and landforms within the reservoir. To document reservoir floor geomorphology, the USGS applied structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques to these aerial photographs, following the workflow outlined in Over and others (2021), and generated three-dimensional xyz point clouds, digital surface models (DSMs), and orthomosaics of Hills Creek Lake. This data release includes ground control points, dataset footprints, original aerial photographs, point clouds, DSMs, and orthomosaics of Hills Creek Lake with varying aerial extents and resolutions that were developed from imagery acquired December of 2023: (1) the December 20 model (HillsCreekLake_20231220) covered the entire reservoir area with an average point density of 27.6 points per square meter, DSM resolution of 19 centimeters per pixel, and orthomosaic ground resolution of 9.52 centimeters per pixel; (2) the December 28 model (HillsCreekLake_20231228) covered the entire reservoir area, excluding a portion of the Larison Creek arm, with an average point density of 29.8 points per square meter, DSM resolution of 18.3 centimeters per pixel, and orthomosaic ground resolution of 9.15 centimeters per pixel. All DSMs and orthomosaics are formatted as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs) for enhanced web visualization (GDAL, 2024). This documentation describes an orthomosaic of Hills Creek Lake, Oregon, generated from SfM techniques using aerial photographs acquired on December 28, 2023. References: Agisoft, 2025, Agisoft Metashape User Manual - Professional Edition Version 2.2: Agisoft LLC, 115 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.agisoft.com/pdf/metashape_2_2_en.pdf. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing [ASPRS], 2008, LAS Specification Version 1.2: ASPRS, approved September 2, 2008, 13 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v12.pdf. Geospatial Data Abstraction Library [GDAL], 2024, COG -- Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF generator: GDAL, webpage, accessed August 11, 2025, at https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/cog.html#raster-cog. Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1039, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039. Schwid, M.F., Keith, M.K., and Overstreet, B.T., 2025, High-resolution orthoimagery and digital surface models of Fern Ridge Lake, Oregon, during annual low pool, January and February, 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Q5K657.

In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) surveyed ground control points and coordinated aerial photograph acquisition of Hills Creek Lake, a multi-purpose reservoir in western Oregon impounded by the 92-meter ([m]; 302-foot [ft]) tall Hills Creek Dam. Aerial photographs were acquired by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) on December 20, 2023 and December 28, 2023 when water levels were at 443 and 441 m (1453 ft and 1448 ft; National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 [NGVD 29]) elevation, respectively, about 10 m above typical annual “low pool” or minimum pool for flood risk management operations. Photographs were acquired at about the same altitude with a WaldoAir XCAM Ultra 50 camera mounted on a Cessna aircraft and captured the entire reservoir area as defined by full pool (or maximum conservation pool elevation), including major tributaries entering the reservoir such as the Middle Fork Willamette River and Hills Creek, upstream of Hills Creek Dam. Dam operations at the 1,107-hectare (2735-acre) Hills Creek Lake, located about 19 kilometers upstream of the confluence of the Middle Fork Willamette River and the head of Lookout Point Lake, along with other hydrogeomorphic conditions, result in a diverse array of geomorphic processes and landforms within the reservoir. To document reservoir floor geomorphology, the USGS applied structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques to these aerial photographs, following the workflow outlined in Over and others (2021), and generated three-dimensional xyz point clouds, digital surface models (DSMs), and orthomosaics of Hills Creek Lake. This data release includes ground control points, dataset footprints, original aerial photographs, point clouds, DSMs, and orthomosaics of Hills Creek Lake with varying aerial extents and resolutions that were developed from imagery acquired December of 2023: (1) the December 20 model (HillsCreekLake_20231220) covered the entire reservoir area with an average point density of 27.6 points per square meter, DSM resolution of 19 centimeters per pixel, and orthomosaic ground resolution of 9.52 centimeters per pixel; (2) the December 28 model (HillsCreekLake_20231228) covered the entire reservoir area, excluding a portion of the Larison Creek arm, with an average point density of 29.8 points per square meter, DSM resolution of 18.3 centimeters per pixel, and orthomosaic ground resolution of 9.15 centimeters per pixel. All DSMs and orthomosaics are formatted as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs) for enhanced web visualization (GDAL, 2024). This documentation describes an orthomosaic of Hills Creek Lake, Oregon, generated from SfM techniques using aerial photographs acquired on December 20, 2023. References: Agisoft, 2025, Agisoft Metashape User Manual - Professional Edition Version 2.2: Agisoft LLC, 115 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.agisoft.com/pdf/metashape_2_2_en.pdf. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing [ASPRS], 2008, LAS Specification Version 1.2: ASPRS, approved September 2, 2008, 13 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v12.pdf. Geospatial Data Abstraction Library [GDAL], 2024, COG -- Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF generator: GDAL, webpage, accessed August 11, 2025, at https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/cog.html#raster-cog. Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1039, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039. Schwid, M.F., Keith, M.K., and Overstreet, B.T., 2025, High-resolution orthoimagery and digital surface models of Fern Ridge Lake, Oregon, during annual low pool, January and February, 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Q5K657.

In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) surveyed ground control points and coordinated aerial photograph acquisition of Cottage Grove Lake, a multi-purpose reservoir in western Oregon impounded by the 29-meter ([m]; 95-foot [ft]) tall Cottage Grove Dam. Aerial photographs were acquired by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) in December 2023 when water levels were at or near typical annual “low pool” or minimum pool, a target elevation (229 m/751 ft National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 [NGVD 29]) for flood risk management operations. Photographs were acquired at a single altitude with a WaldoAir XCAM Ultra 50 camera mounted on a Cessna aircraft and captured the entire reservoir area as defined by full pool (or maximum conservation pool elevation), including the major tributary entering the reservoir, the Coast Fork Willamette River. Dam operations at the 468-hectare (1156-acre) Cottage Grove Lake, located about 15 kilometers upstream of the confluence of the Coast Fork Willamette River and the Willamette River, along with other hydrogeomorphic conditions, result in a diverse array of geomorphic processes and landforms within the reservoir. To document reservoir floor geomorphology, the USGS applied structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques to these aerial photographs, following the workflow outlined in Over and others (2021) and used for similar datasets (Schwid and others, 2025), and generated a three-dimensional xyz point cloud, digital surface model (DSM), and orthomosaic of Cottage Grove Lake. This data release includes ground control points, dataset footprints, original aerial photographs, a point cloud, a DSM, and an orthomosaic of Cottage Grove Lake that were developed from imagery acquired on December 18, 2023. The point cloud has an average point density of 7.47 points per square meter, the DSM resolution is 36.6 centimeters per pixel, and the orthomosaic ground resolution is 9.15 centimeters per pixel. The DSM and orthomosaic are formatted as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs (COGs) for enhanced web visualization (GDAL, 2024). This documentation describes an orthomosaic of Cottage Grove Lake, Oregon, generated from SfM techniques using aerial photographs acquired on December 18, 2023. References: Agisoft, 2025, Agisoft Metashape User Manual - Professional Edition Version 2.2: Agisoft LLC, 115 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.agisoft.com/pdf/metashape_2_2_en.pdf. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing [ASPRS], 2008, LAS Specification Version 1.2: ASPRS, approved September 2, 2008, 13 p., accessed August 11, 2025, at https://www.asprs.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/asprs_las_format_v12.pdf. Geospatial Data Abstraction Library [GDAL], 2024, COG -- Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF generator: GDAL, webpage, accessed August 11, 2025, at https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/cog.html#raster-cog. Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1039, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039. Schwid, M.F., Keith, M.K., and Overstreet, B.T., 2025, High-resolution orthoimagery and digital surface models of Fern Ridge Lake, Oregon, during annual low pool, January and February, 2023: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1Q5K657.

This data release includes two digital orthomosaic images produced from uncrewed aerial system (UAS) imagery surveys conducted on August 14, 2019, and July 8, 2022 at an edge-of-field site north of Medina River Natural Area near San Antonio, Texas. These images were compiled from sets of aerial imagery included in this data release. Orthomosaic images can be used for visual reference but do not contain elevation data.

This data release includes two digital orthomosaic images produced from uncrewed aerial system (UAS) imagery surveys conducted on August 14, 2019, and July 8, 2022 at an edge-of-field site north of Medina River Natural Area near San Antonio, Texas. These images were compiled from sets of aerial imagery included in this data release. Orthomosaic images can be used for visual reference but do not contain elevation data.

This portion of the data release presents a high-resolution orthomosaic image of the Liberty Island Conservation Bank Wildlands restoration site in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The orthomosaic has a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel and was derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected with an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) on 2018-10-23. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaic image was acquired using two UAS fitted with Ricoh GR II digital cameras with global shutters. The UAS were flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines at an approximate altitude of 120 meters above-ground-level. The flight lines were oriented roughly east-west and were spaced to provide approximately 66 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The cameras were triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. The imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Ground control was established using twenty-four ground control points (GCPs) consisting of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns distributed throughout the mapping area. The GCP positions were measured using RTK GPS, with real-time corrections from a GPS base station located approximately 3 kilometers south of the study area. The orthomosaic imagery is provided at a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel, in a three-band RGB cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression.

This portion of the data release presents a high-resolution orthomosaic image of the Liberty Island Conservation Bank Wildlands restoration site in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The orthomosaic has a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel and was derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected with an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) on 2018-10-23. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaic image was acquired using two UAS fitted with Ricoh GR II digital cameras with global shutters. The UAS were flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines at an approximate altitude of 120 meters above-ground-level. The flight lines were oriented roughly east-west and were spaced to provide approximately 66 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The cameras were triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. The imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Ground control was established using twenty-four ground control points (GCPs) consisting of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns distributed throughout the mapping area. The GCP positions were measured using RTK GPS, with real-time corrections from a GPS base station located approximately 3 kilometers south of the study area. The orthomosaic imagery is provided at a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel, in a three-band RGB cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression.

This portion of the data release presents an RGB orthomosaic image of an expanded area surrounding Whiskeytown Lake derived from Structure from Motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery acquired on 2019-06-03. The orthomosaic is available in a high-resolution 14-centimeter (cm) version, as well as a medium-resolution 25 cm version. The high-resolution version is divided into two tiles (east and west) to reduce file download sizes. All imagery is provided in a three-band cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaic image was acquired from a manned aircraft on 2019-06-03. The acquisition flight was conducted by The 111th Group Aerial Photography, using a Nikon D850 camera. The acquisition covered two areas-of-interest (AOI) at different scales. The expanded AOI for this dataset (referred to as AOI-B) covered an area around Whiskeytown Lake up to the adjacent ridgelines. The goal for expanding the AOI for this acquisition was to create an orthomosaic image to qualitatively assess the post-fire erosion patterns in upslope areas of the drainages. The imagery for this AOI was acquired from an approximate altitude of 1,160 meters (3,800 feet) above ground level, to produce a nominal ground sample distance (pixel size) of 10 centimeters (4 inches). An onboard dual-frequency GPS receiver was used to record the precise time and position of each image. Coordinates for ground control points consisting of photo-identifiable objects were measured independently using survey-grade post-processed kinematic (PPK) GPS.