Nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, and three co-applied herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor) were measured in soil samples from an agricultural field in Iowa. Samples were collected from three locations in the field before and after nitrapyrin application in April-May 2017. Soils were collected using a 5-inch pipe that was hammered into the ground. Soil samples were extracted using pressurized solvent extraction (with dichloromethane), clean-up via solid phase extraction (carbon and alumina sorbents), and analyzed by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry.

Nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, 6-CPA, a nitrapyrin degradate, and three co-applied herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor) were measured in water samples from seven streams across Iowa and Illinois. Iowa water samples were collected from March 2016 to June 2017, and Illinois water samples were collected from September 2016 to June 2017. The compounds studied are applied to corn, and Iowa and Illinois are the two largest corn producing states in the U.S. The seven stream sites are all adjacent to agricultural fields in corn production. Water samples (1-L) were collected in amber glass bottles using a grab or depth weighted approach. With the exception of one site, Iowa River at Wapello (USGS Site ID 05465500), all water samples were collected using a hydrologic based sampling approach. This means that samples were collected near peak flow during storm events and periodically during base flow conditions. Water samples were filtered (0.7 micrometers), extracted via solid phase extraction (Oasis® MAX cartridge), and analyzed (nitrapyrin and herbicides by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry; 6-CPA by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry).

Nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, 6-CPA, a nitrapyrin degradate, and three co-applied herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor) were measured in water samples from seven streams across Iowa and Illinois. Iowa water samples were collected from March 2016 to June 2017, and Illinois water samples were collected from September 2016 to June 2017. The compounds studied are applied to corn, and Iowa and Illinois are the two largest corn producing states in the U.S. The seven stream sites are all adjacent to agricultural fields in corn production. Water samples (1-L) were collected in amber glass bottles using a grab or depth weighted approach. With the exception of one site, Iowa River at Wapello (USGS Site ID 05465500), all water samples were collected using a hydrologic based sampling approach. This means that samples were collected near peak flow during storm events and periodically during base flow conditions. Water samples were filtered (0.7 micrometers), extracted via solid phase extraction (Oasis® MAX cartridge), and analyzed (nitrapyrin and herbicides by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry; 6-CPA by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry).

Nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, 6-CPA, a nitrapyrin degradate, and three co-applied herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor) were measured in surface drains from eights sites in Illinois. Water samples were collected from April to June 2017. The compounds studied are applied to corn, Illinois is one of the largest corn producing states in the U.S. Water samples (1-L) were collected in amber glass bottles using a grab or depth weighted approach. Water samples were filtered (0.7 micrometers), extracted via solid phase extraction (Oasis® MAX cartridge), and analyzed (nitrapyrin and herbicides by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry; 6-CPA by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry).

Nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor, 6-CPA, a nitrapyrin degradate, and three co-applied herbicides (acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor) were measured in surface drains from eights sites in Illinois. Water samples were collected from April to June 2017. The compounds studied are applied to corn, Illinois is one of the largest corn producing states in the U.S. Water samples (1-L) were collected in amber glass bottles using a grab or depth weighted approach. Water samples were filtered (0.7 micrometers), extracted via solid phase extraction (Oasis® MAX cartridge), and analyzed (nitrapyrin and herbicides by gas chromatography with mass-spectrometry; 6-CPA by liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry).

Nitrapyrin is a nitrification inhibitor that is co-applied with N-fertilizer in agroecosystems. Over the course of one year (March 2016 to June 2017), 192 water samples from seven streams across Iowa and Illinois were analyzed for nitrapyrin, its degradate 6-chloropicolinic acid (6-CPA), and three widely used herbicides acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor. Additional environmental samples were collected and analyzed in spring 2017: 63 water samples from eight subsurface drains, and 33 soil samples from a field in Iowa that received direct application of nitrapyrin (only for nitrapyrin and herbicides). Nitrapyrin was detected in all seven streams (56% detection) with concentrations ranging from 4 to 1,200 ng/L; 6-CPA was detected in six of the seven streams (13% detection) with concentrations ranging from 2 to 13 ng/L. Nitrapyrin was detected in only two of the eight subsurface drains and in 10% of drain samples (10% detection), and with concentrations ranginged from 3 to 12 ng/L; 6-CPA was detected in six of the eight subsurface drains and in (33% of drain samples withdetection), and concentrations ranginged from 2 to 6 ng/L. Nitrapyrin was detected in 67% of the soil samples collected, and concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 42 ng/g. Generally, all three herbicides were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations than nitrapyrin in the streams, subsurface drains, and soils. There are 3 csv datasets related to this data release. Please find in each of the child items the data and metadata.

Nitrapyrin is a nitrification inhibitor that is co-applied with N-fertilizer in agroecosystems. Over the course of one year (March 2016 to June 2017), 192 water samples from seven streams across Iowa and Illinois were analyzed for nitrapyrin, its degradate 6-chloropicolinic acid (6-CPA), and three widely used herbicides acetochlor, atrazine, and metolachlor. Additional environmental samples were collected and analyzed in spring 2017: 63 water samples from eight subsurface drains, and 33 soil samples from a field in Iowa that received direct application of nitrapyrin (only for nitrapyrin and herbicides). Nitrapyrin was detected in all seven streams (56% detection) with concentrations ranging from 4 to 1,200 ng/L; 6-CPA was detected in six of the seven streams (13% detection) with concentrations ranging from 2 to 13 ng/L. Nitrapyrin was detected in only two of the eight subsurface drains and in 10% of drain samples (10% detection), and with concentrations ranginged from 3 to 12 ng/L; 6-CPA was detected in six of the eight subsurface drains and in (33% of drain samples withdetection), and concentrations ranginged from 2 to 6 ng/L. Nitrapyrin was detected in 67% of the soil samples collected, and concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 42 ng/g. Generally, all three herbicides were detected more frequently and at higher concentrations than nitrapyrin in the streams, subsurface drains, and soils. There are 3 csv datasets related to this data release. Please find in each of the child items the data and metadata.

These data represents annual estimates of neonicotinoid nitroguanidine group insecticide application rates across the western conterminous United States from 2008 to 2014. This product contains seven raster layers (appearing as separate bands in a multi-band raster). Each band represents one year of the data beginning in 2008. Estimates are generated by pairing crop specific application rates of neonicotinoids with fine scale crop data obtained from the CropScape cropland data layer. Application units are kilograms per hectare. Further details on the methods used to generate this product are described in: Douglas, M.R., Baisley, P., Soba, S., Kammerer, M., Lonsdorf, E.V. and Grozinger, C.M., 2022. Putting pesticides on the map for pollinator research and conservation. Scientific Data, 9(1),1-15. This data layer was originally generated for use in an assessment of environmental stressors on the occupancy of the western bumble bee and supports the pre-listing science for this species under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For more information on that assessment see the publication listed in the Larger Works Cited Section.

These data represents annual estimates of neonicotinoid nitroguanidine group insecticide application rates across the western conterminous United States from 2008 to 2014. This product contains seven raster layers (appearing as separate bands in a multi-band raster). Each band represents one year of the data beginning in 2008. Estimates are generated by pairing crop specific application rates of neonicotinoids with fine scale crop data obtained from the CropScape cropland data layer. Application units are kilograms per hectare. Further details on the methods used to generate this product are described in: Douglas, M.R., Baisley, P., Soba, S., Kammerer, M., Lonsdorf, E.V. and Grozinger, C.M., 2022. Putting pesticides on the map for pollinator research and conservation. Scientific Data, 9(1),1-15. This data layer was originally generated for use in an assessment of environmental stressors on the occupancy of the western bumble bee and supports the pre-listing science for this species under consideration by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. For more information on that assessment see the publication listed in the Larger Works Cited Section.

This data release provides state-level estimates of annual agricultural use of pesticide compounds by major crop or crop group for states in the conterminous United States, for the time period 1992-2017, compiled from data used to make county-level estimates by means of methods described in Thelin and Stone (2013) and Baker and Stone (2015). The source of these data is the same as the published county-level pesticide use estimates for 1992-2009 (Stone, 2013), estimates for 2008-2012 (Baker and Stone, 2015), and estimates for 2013-17 (Wieben, 2019). County-level by-crop estimates are not published because of the increased uncertainty in estimating the geographic distribution of compounds applied to specific crops. High-acreage crops (corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, and alfalfa) are individually aggregated to state level while low-acreage crops are combined into groups (vegetables and fruit, orchards and grapes, pasture and hay, and other crops) prior to aggregating to the state level. This data release contains two tables of state-level annual agricultural pesticide use estimates by crop or crop group (one for low estimates and one for high estimates) and associated metadata. These data were used to produce annual time-series charts for individual pesticide by crop or crop group for 1992-2017 available on the Pesticide National Synthesis Project (PNSP) webpage: https://doi.org/doi:10.5066/F7NP22KM. Data for some compounds were missing from the version 1 estimates. Pesticide use estimates for compounds with missing data have been updated in version 2.0. First posted November 27, 2019 Revised May 28, 2020, ver. 2.0 References cited: Baker, N.T., and Stone, W.W., 2015, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008-12: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 907, 9 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://doi.org/10.3133/ds907. Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 752, 1 p. pamphlet, 14 tables, accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/752/. Thelin, G.P., and Stone, W.W., 2013, Estimation of annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 1992-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5009, 54 p., accessed July 12, 2015, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2013/5009/. Wieben, C.M., 2019, Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for Counties of the Conterminous United States, 2013-17 (ver. 2.0, May 2020): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9F2SRYH.