This USGS data release consists of six data sets and accompanying metadata for a year-long study on the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, critical habitat for two endangered Maui endemic forest birds. Culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of the avian malaria Plasmodium relictum, a key limiting factor of endemic Hawaiian forest birds. The main components of the study included: (1) adult mosquito monitoring to document the altitudinal distribution, seasonal occurrence, relative abundance, and trapping efficacy of Culex quinquefasciatus (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file); (2) stream surveys to determine the larval habitat availability and prevalence of larval mosquitoes (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file), (3) characterization of larval habitat (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file), (4) egg viability (hatching rate) in naturally occurring Culex quinquefasciatus populations (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui and Volcano, Island of Hawai'i, 2 files) and (5) the geographical coordinates for key localities in the study (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui and Volcano, Island of Hawai'i, 1 file). The study was conducted by U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center personnel in collaboration with National Park Service, Pacific Island Inventory and Monitoring Network, Haleakalā National Park and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Studies were conducted in native forests on Maui and the Island of Hawai'i during 2022 and 2023.

This USGS data release consists of six data sets and accompanying metadata for a year-long study on the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, critical habitat for two endangered Maui endemic forest birds. Culex quinquefasciatus is the vector of the avian malaria Plasmodium relictum, a key limiting factor of endemic Hawaiian forest birds. The main components of the study included: (1) adult mosquito monitoring to document the altitudinal distribution, seasonal occurrence, relative abundance, and trapping efficacy of Culex quinquefasciatus (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file); (2) stream surveys to determine the larval habitat availability and prevalence of larval mosquitoes (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file), (3) characterization of larval habitat (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui, 1 file), (4) egg viability (hatching rate) in naturally occurring Culex quinquefasciatus populations (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui and Volcano, Island of Hawai'i, 2 files) and (5) the geographical coordinates for key localities in the study (Kīpahulu Valley, Maui and Volcano, Island of Hawai'i, 1 file). The study was conducted by U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center personnel in collaboration with National Park Service, Pacific Island Inventory and Monitoring Network, Haleakalā National Park and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Studies were conducted in native forests on Maui and the Island of Hawai'i during 2022 and 2023.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, adult mosquito distribution and abundance was monitored at two altitudinal sites throughout the year. Study sites at Delta Camp (915 m asl) and Palikea Camp (1280 m asl) were visited twice during each three-month season from September 2022 to September 2023. At each study site, 15 BioGents (BG) Sentinel II traps (S), 15 BioGents Pro traps (P), and 15 Center for Disease Control (CDC) Gravid traps (G) were operated for 4-7 nights across a 1-kilometer square area. CO2 baited traps (S and P) were operated at 30 fixed transect stations located 100 meters apart and baited with CO2 and BG-Lure or CO2 alone, respectively. Gravid traps were co-located with P traps and baited with a 5-day-old timothy hay infusion. CO2 was released at a delivery rate of 250 ml/min. BioGents Pro traps were suspended in the tree canopy and configured like CDC miniature light traps but were not operated with lights. Acoustic lures (400 hertz) were briefly used with S traps in an attempt to enhance male Culex quinquefasciatus capture. All traps were operated from late afternoon to mid morning of the following day. Each morning captured mosquitoes were extracted from the traps, identified, sexed, enumerated, and preserved dry or in 100% molecular grade ethanol in batches of 1-10. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes japonicus adults were captured seasonally at both sites. No Aedes albopictus were captured. Only female mosquitoes were captured.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, adult mosquito distribution and abundance was monitored at two altitudinal sites throughout the year. Study sites at Delta Camp (915 m asl) and Palikea Camp (1280 m asl) were visited twice during each three-month season from September 2022 to September 2023. At each study site, 15 BioGents (BG) Sentinel II traps (S), 15 BioGents Pro traps (P), and 15 Center for Disease Control (CDC) Gravid traps (G) were operated for 4-7 nights across a 1-kilometer square area. CO2 baited traps (S and P) were operated at 30 fixed transect stations located 100 meters apart and baited with CO2 and BG-Lure or CO2 alone, respectively. Gravid traps were co-located with P traps and baited with a 5-day-old timothy hay infusion. CO2 was released at a delivery rate of 250 ml/min. BioGents Pro traps were suspended in the tree canopy and configured like CDC miniature light traps but were not operated with lights. Acoustic lures (400 hertz) were briefly used with S traps in an attempt to enhance male Culex quinquefasciatus capture. All traps were operated from late afternoon to mid morning of the following day. Each morning captured mosquitoes were extracted from the traps, identified, sexed, enumerated, and preserved dry or in 100% molecular grade ethanol in batches of 1-10. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes japonicus adults were captured seasonally at both sites. No Aedes albopictus were captured. Only female mosquitoes were captured.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, terrestrial and stream surveys were conducted to determine the abundance of available larval mosquito habitat and the presence of mosquito larvae within the study area. Terrestrial larval mosquito habitat, like wallows and hapuu cavities, are largely dependent on the presence of feral pigs. Naturally occurring ground pools may be found in bogs and on less permeable, older soils. Stream-associated habitat is dependent more on rocky substrates and stream flow. First order, intermittent flowing streams found at higher elevations are more likely to provide larval habitat. At the higher elevation Palikea site only Aedes japonicus were found in stream pools but at the lower Delta site both Aedes japonicus and C. quinquefasciatus were found in stream pools. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were also found in a ground pool with the remains of a dead pig at the Delta site.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, terrestrial and stream surveys were conducted to determine the abundance of available larval mosquito habitat and the presence of mosquito larvae within the study area. Terrestrial larval mosquito habitat, like wallows and hapuu cavities, are largely dependent on the presence of feral pigs. Naturally occurring ground pools may be found in bogs and on less permeable, older soils. Stream-associated habitat is dependent more on rocky substrates and stream flow. First order, intermittent flowing streams found at higher elevations are more likely to provide larval habitat. At the higher elevation Palikea site only Aedes japonicus were found in stream pools but at the lower Delta site both Aedes japonicus and C. quinquefasciatus were found in stream pools. Culex quinquefasciatus larvae were also found in a ground pool with the remains of a dead pig at the Delta site.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, adult and immature mosquito distributions and abundance was monitored at two altitudinal sites throughout the year. Study sites at Delta Camp (915 m asl) and Palikea Camp (1280 m asl) were visited twice during each three-month season from September 2022 to September 2023. At each study site, 15 BioGents (BG) Sentinel II traps (S), 15 BioGents Pro traps (P), 15 Center for Disease Control (CDC) Gravid traps (G), and 15 ovicups to monitor egg laying females (and collect egg rafts) were operated for 4-7 nights across a 1-kilometer square area. Concurrent with adults trapping, terrestrial and stream transects were surveyed for potential larval mosquito habitat and the presence and abundance of larval mosquitoes. This data file consists of spatial coordinates for all adult mosquito trap and larval mosquito site locations along terrestrial transects and streams, as well as environmental DNA (eDNA) water samples taken at both field sites (the results for which will be included in a future release).

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, adult and immature mosquito distributions and abundance was monitored at two altitudinal sites throughout the year. Study sites at Delta Camp (915 m asl) and Palikea Camp (1280 m asl) were visited twice during each three-month season from September 2022 to September 2023. At each study site, 15 BioGents (BG) Sentinel II traps (S), 15 BioGents Pro traps (P), 15 Center for Disease Control (CDC) Gravid traps (G), and 15 ovicups to monitor egg laying females (and collect egg rafts) were operated for 4-7 nights across a 1-kilometer square area. Concurrent with adults trapping, terrestrial and stream transects were surveyed for potential larval mosquito habitat and the presence and abundance of larval mosquitoes. This data file consists of spatial coordinates for all adult mosquito trap and larval mosquito site locations along terrestrial transects and streams, as well as environmental DNA (eDNA) water samples taken at both field sites (the results for which will be included in a future release).

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, surveys of available larval mosquito habitat and characterization of that habitat were conducted during each site visit. Surveys were conducted along transects, trails, and streams.

As part of a larger study looking at the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the southern house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Kīpahulu Valley, Haleakalā National Park, surveys of available larval mosquito habitat and characterization of that habitat were conducted during each site visit. Surveys were conducted along transects, trails, and streams.