All data layers included in this data release were created using the Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET) tool, which relies on spatial inputs on species distributions and likelihood of restoration success to select parcels for sagebrush restoration. The PReSET is a workflow that relies on the prioritizr package in program R to identify parcels for effective and meaningful sagebrush restoration. Inputs into the tool included occupancy data layers for six focal species (Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri), sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) generated within the Sagebrush Ecosystem Conservation and Management: Ecoregional Assessment Tools and Models for the Wyoming Basins (Hanser et al. 2011). The layer to assess restoration suitability was predicted time to sagebrush recovery (Monroe et al. 2021; https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XV8GH7). Raster layers (360x360m cell size) associated with figure 4 in Duchardt et al. 2021 include a comparison of selected cells with no connectivity requirements (PReSETnoconn_nolock.tif), with a penalty for unconnected features (PReSEThighconn_nolock.tif), and with a penalty for unconnected features and including “locked-in” protected lands (PReSEThighconn_lock.tif). PReSET tool is currently housed at USGS FORT.

All data layers included in this data release were created using the Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET) tool, which relies on spatial inputs on species distributions and likelihood of restoration success to select parcels for sagebrush restoration. The PReSET is a workflow that relies on the prioritizr package in program R to identify parcels for effective and meaningful sagebrush restoration.Inputs into the tool included occupancy data layers for six focal species (Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri), sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) generated within the Sagebrush Ecosystem Conservation and Management: Ecoregional Assessment Tools and Models for the Wyoming Basins (Hanser et al. 2011). The layer to assess restoration suitability was predicted time to sagebrush recovery (Monroe et al. 2021; https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XV8GH7). This data release consists of 9 rasters and 1 polygon shapefile organized into three bundles associated with distinct problem sets addressing issues in sagebrush restoration. 1) Landscape weighting scenarios (Fig 3), 2) Protected lands connectivity (Fig. 4), and 3) Local-scale wellpad restoration (Fig. 5). Each of these bundles is described further in subsequent metadata files. Spatial data associated with these data sets include selected pixels or polygons under various scenarios prioritizing sagebrush restoration. Raster layers (90x90m cell size) associated with Figure 3 in the manuscript include selected pixels based on time-to recovery of sagebrush and habitat potential for target species, for all species and a stacked raster layer representing the number of times each pixel occurred in one or more scenarios. Raster layers (360x360m cell size) associated with figure 4 in the manuscript include a comparison of selected cells with no connectivity requirements, with a penalty for unconnected features, and with a penalty for unconnected features and including “locked-in” protected lands. Spatial polygons associated with Figure 5 in the manuscript include selection wellpads under projected oil and gas buildout, requiring protection of 10% of habitat for all species under no, low, moderate, and high connectivity requirements. PReSET tool is currently housed at USGS FORT.

All data layers included in this data release were created using the Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET) tool, which relies on spatial inputs on species distributions and likelihood of restoration success to select parcels for sagebrush restoration. The PReSET is a workflow that relies on the prioritizr package in program R to identify parcels for effective and meaningful sagebrush restoration.Inputs into the tool included occupancy data layers for six focal species (Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri), sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) generated within the Sagebrush Ecosystem Conservation and Management: Ecoregional Assessment Tools and Models for the Wyoming Basins (Hanser et al. 2011). The layer to assess restoration suitability was predicted time to sagebrush recovery (Monroe et al. 2021; https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XV8GH7). This data release consists of 9 rasters and 1 polygon shapefile organized into three bundles associated with distinct problem sets addressing issues in sagebrush restoration. 1) Landscape weighting scenarios (Fig 3), 2) Protected lands connectivity (Fig. 4), and 3) Local-scale wellpad restoration (Fig. 5). Each of these bundles is described further in subsequent metadata files. Spatial data associated with these data sets include selected pixels or polygons under various scenarios prioritizing sagebrush restoration. Raster layers (90x90m cell size) associated with Figure 3 in the manuscript include selected pixels based on time-to recovery of sagebrush and habitat potential for target species, for all species and a stacked raster layer representing the number of times each pixel occurred in one or more scenarios. Raster layers (360x360m cell size) associated with figure 4 in the manuscript include a comparison of selected cells with no connectivity requirements, with a penalty for unconnected features, and with a penalty for unconnected features and including “locked-in” protected lands. Spatial polygons associated with Figure 5 in the manuscript include selection wellpads under projected oil and gas buildout, requiring protection of 10% of habitat for all species under no, low, moderate, and high connectivity requirements. PReSET tool is currently housed at USGS FORT.

This dataset contains a raster representing current (2017-2020) core sagebrush, growth opportunity areas, and other rangelands on tribal and federal lands that are estimated to be climate resilient into the future (2030-2060). We determined climate-resiliency by comparing current (2017-2020) core sagebrush, growth opportunity areas, and other rangelands to estimated future (2030-2060) conditions of core and growth opportunity areas under mid-century climate change (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) conditions (Doherty et al. 2022). The Department of the Interior (DOI) Sagebrush Keystone Initiative (KI) team worked with partners to identify areas within the sagebrush biome for strategic investments in conservation and restoration actions to ‘defend and grow the core’. We used this raster to identify areas of the sagebrush biome that have high ecological value, resilience to climate change, and existing collaborative partner capacities that will facilitate delivery of on-the-ground actions. We call these areas "Sagebrush Collaborative Restoration Landscapes" or SCRL (see "SCRL.shp" in SagebrushCollaborativeRestorationLandscapes.zip).

This dataset contains a raster representing current (2017-2020) core sagebrush, growth opportunity areas, and other rangelands on tribal and federal lands that are estimated to be climate resilient into the future (2030-2060). We determined climate-resiliency by comparing current (2017-2020) core sagebrush, growth opportunity areas, and other rangelands to estimated future (2030-2060) conditions of core and growth opportunity areas under mid-century climate change (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) conditions (Doherty et al. 2022). The Department of the Interior (DOI) Sagebrush Keystone Initiative (KI) team worked with partners to identify areas within the sagebrush biome for strategic investments in conservation and restoration actions to ‘defend and grow the core’. We used this raster to identify areas of the sagebrush biome that have high ecological value, resilience to climate change, and existing collaborative partner capacities that will facilitate delivery of on-the-ground actions. We call these areas "Sagebrush Collaborative Restoration Landscapes" or SCRL (see "SCRL.shp" in SagebrushCollaborativeRestorationLandscapes.zip).

We expanded on previously developed methodology to incorporate information on habitat selection and survival during reproductive life stages and specific seasons with updated sage-grouse location and known fate datasets, while also including brood-rearing areas that are understood to be threatened and important for population persistence. We combined predictive habitat map surfaces for each life stage and season with updated information on current occupancy patterns to classify habitat based on its suitability and probability of occupancy. We carried out additional steps to delineate specific example habitat management areas, specifically (1) incorporated corridors connecting key nesting and brood-rearing habitat, (2) corrected outputs for pre-wildfire habitat conditions within areas burned in the last 16 years, and (3) masked out areas of anthropogenic development. Our methodological example of deriving habitat management areas was intended to help inform decisions by BLM and other land managers regarding conservation and management of sage-grouse. Associated data products in the form of habitat maps provide updated, detailed, and comprehensive information about the status of habitats and can be useful to partner agencies in their efforts to designate and rank habitats for this species of high conservation concern in Nevada and California, with full recognition that on-the-ground field data and local sources of information and expertise should be used in conjunction with inferences from these models.

We expanded on previously developed methodology to incorporate information on habitat selection and survival during reproductive life stages and specific seasons with updated sage-grouse location and known fate datasets, while also including brood-rearing areas that are understood to be threatened and important for population persistence. We combined predictive habitat map surfaces for each life stage and season with updated information on current occupancy patterns to classify habitat based on its suitability and probability of occupancy. We carried out additional steps to delineate specific example habitat management areas, specifically (1) incorporated corridors connecting key nesting and brood-rearing habitat, (2) corrected outputs for pre-wildfire habitat conditions within areas burned in the last 16 years, and (3) masked out areas of anthropogenic development. Our methodological example of deriving habitat management areas was intended to help inform decisions by BLM and other land managers regarding conservation and management of sage-grouse. Associated data products in the form of habitat maps provide updated, detailed, and comprehensive information about the status of habitats and can be useful to partner agencies in their efforts to designate and rank habitats for this species of high conservation concern in Nevada and California, with full recognition that on-the-ground field data and local sources of information and expertise should be used in conjunction with inferences from these models.

Identifying ecologically relevant reference sites is important for evaluating ecosystem recovery, but the relevance of references that are temporally static is unclear in the context of vast landscapes with varying disturbance and environmental contexts over space and time. This question is pertinent for landscapes dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) which face a suite of threats from disturbance and development but also have lengthy recovery times. Here, we applied a dynamic reference approach to studying and projecting recovery of sagebrush on former oil and gas well pads in southwestern Wyoming, USA, using over 3 decades of remote sensing data (1985–2018). We also used quantile regression to evaluate factors that may affect recovery including soils, weather, elevation, and well pad characteristics. Data formatting necessary for this analysis created two datasets, one with reference pixels identified after applying both local and general masks (data_local.csv) and the other with only general masks (data_general.csv).

Identifying ecologically relevant reference sites is important for evaluating ecosystem recovery, but the relevance of references that are temporally static is unclear in the context of vast landscapes with varying disturbance and environmental contexts over space and time. This question is pertinent for landscapes dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) which face a suite of threats from disturbance and development but also have lengthy recovery times. Here, we applied a dynamic reference approach to studying and projecting recovery of sagebrush on former oil and gas well pads in southwestern Wyoming, USA, using over 3 decades of remote sensing data (1985–2018). We also used quantile regression to evaluate factors that may affect recovery including soils, weather, elevation, and well pad characteristics. Data formatting necessary for this analysis created two datasets, one with reference pixels identified after applying both local and general masks (data_local.csv) and the other with only general masks (data_general.csv).

All data layers included in this data release were created using the Prioritizing Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems Tool (PReSET) tool, which relies on spatial inputs on species distributions and likelihood of restoration success to select parcels for sagebrush restoration. The PReSET is a workflow that relies on the prioritizr package in program R to identify parcels for effective and meaningful sagebrush restoration. Inputs into the tool included occupancy data layers for six focal species (Brewer’s sparrow (Spizella breweri), sagebrush sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis), sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and greater short-horned lizard (Phrynosoma hernandesi) generated within the Sagebrush Ecosystem Conservation and Management: Ecoregional Assessment Tools and Models for the Wyoming Basins (Hanser et al. 2011). The layer to assess restoration suitability was predicted time to sagebrush recovery (Monroe et al. 2021; https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XV8GH7). Spatial polygons associated with Figure 5 in Duchardt et al. 2021 include selection wellpads under projected oil and gas buildout, requiring protection of 10% of habitat for all species under no, low, moderate , and high connectivity requirements. PReSET tool is currently housed at USGS FORT.