This child item contains self-potential (SP) data collected over a small alpine wetland between Mogul Mine and Cement Creek located near Silverton, Colorado. Mine-impacted water is transported to Cement Creek via surface channels and groundwater through this wetland. The SP method measures passive voltages in the subsurface using a high impedance voltmeter with one fixed electrode at a base station and one mobile electrode. Strong self-potential anomalies have been associated with ore bodies and sharp redox fronts. Data were collected with an Agilent U1252B multimeter with STELTH3 Ag-AgCl Model SRE-011-SPB porous pot electrodes. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ file within this directory.

This child item contains ground penetrating radar (GPR) data collected over a small alpine wetland between Mogul Mine and Cement Creek located near Silverton, Colorado. Mine-impacted water is transported to Cement Creek via surface channels and groundwater through this wetland. The GPR method transmits radar pulses into the ground and measures the returned amplitude from these pulses over time. Variations in subsurface electromagnetic (EM) properties (dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility) affect the timing and amplitude of returned radar energy. For example, variation in water or mineral content are physical properties that often influence the EM properties that are observed with GPR. For these deployments a MALA GX monitor and 450 MHz HDR antennas were used and measurements were made over several transects within the wetland. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ files within each zip data directory.

This child item contains ground penetrating radar (GPR) data collected over a small alpine wetland between Mogul Mine and Cement Creek located near Silverton, Colorado. Mine-impacted water is transported to Cement Creek via surface channels and groundwater through this wetland. The GPR method transmits radar pulses into the ground and measures the returned amplitude from these pulses over time. Variations in subsurface electromagnetic (EM) properties (dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility) affect the timing and amplitude of returned radar energy. For example, variation in water or mineral content are physical properties that often influence the EM properties that are observed with GPR. For these deployments a MALA GX monitor and 450 MHz HDR antennas were used and measurements were made over several transects within the wetland. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ files within each zip data directory.

This child item contains frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) data collected along and around Cement Creek California Gulch, and the Animas River near Silverton, Colorado in support of other data collected at the site. The FDEM tool generates an EM field and measures eddy currents generated by conductive and/or magnetic materials in the subsurface in response to the applied field. A Geophex GEM-2 instrument with GPS was used with frequencies ranging from 450 Hz to 47970 Hz. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ files within each zip data directory.

This child item contains frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) data collected along and around Cement Creek California Gulch, and the Animas River near Silverton, Colorado in support of other data collected at the site. The FDEM tool generates an EM field and measures eddy currents generated by conductive and/or magnetic materials in the subsurface in response to the applied field. A Geophex GEM-2 instrument with GPS was used with frequencies ranging from 450 Hz to 47970 Hz. Additional details are contained in the ‘readme.txt’ files within each zip data directory.

Near-surface geophysical data from within the Bonita Peak Mining District in Silverton, Colorado, USA are presented. These data were collected in 2019. The data include fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) and frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) data collected in and around roughly 1 km reaches of Cement Creek and California Gulch. Additional data, including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and self potential (SP), were gathered from a peatland that intercepts acid mine drainage from Mogul Mine into Cement Creek. The peatland is located off the eastern bank of Cement Creek in the northern portion of the reach surveyed with FO-DTS and FDEM. In 2021, an FO-DTS, FDEM, and magnetometer (MAG) dataset were collected along both banks of an approximate 3-4 km reach of the Animas River, spanning from Arrastra Gulch upstream to USGS gage 09358000.

Near-surface geophysical data from within the Bonita Peak Mining District in Silverton, Colorado, USA are presented. These data were collected in 2019. The data include fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) and frequency domain electromagnetic induction (FDEM) data collected in and around roughly 1 km reaches of Cement Creek and California Gulch. Additional data, including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and self potential (SP), were gathered from a peatland that intercepts acid mine drainage from Mogul Mine into Cement Creek. The peatland is located off the eastern bank of Cement Creek in the northern portion of the reach surveyed with FO-DTS and FDEM. In 2021, an FO-DTS, FDEM, and magnetometer (MAG) dataset were collected along both banks of an approximate 3-4 km reach of the Animas River, spanning from Arrastra Gulch upstream to USGS gage 09358000.

This child item contains fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) data collected along the streambed interface of two streams named Cement Creek and California Gulch Creek, as well as the Animas River, located near Silverton Colorado. The FO-DTS method utilizes the temperature-dependent backscatter of light pulses emitted along armored fiber-optic cables to evaluate temperature at discrete linear sampling locations. For these deployments a Salixa XT-DTS control unit (Salixa Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK) was used, and measurements were made over several day increments at 0.508 m linear resolution along the streambed interface. Specific locations for collected data are located within the data files, and additional details are contained in the ‘readme’ files within each zip data directory.

This child item contains fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) data collected along the streambed interface of two streams named Cement Creek and California Gulch Creek, as well as the Animas River, located near Silverton Colorado. The FO-DTS method utilizes the temperature-dependent backscatter of light pulses emitted along armored fiber-optic cables to evaluate temperature at discrete linear sampling locations. For these deployments a Salixa XT-DTS control unit (Salixa Ltd, Hertfordshire, UK) was used, and measurements were made over several day increments at 0.508 m linear resolution along the streambed interface. Specific locations for collected data are located within the data files, and additional details are contained in the ‘readme’ files within each zip data directory.

Hydrologic reconnaissance of Mineral Creek near Silverton, Colo., was conducted from June 25-27, 2020. Both banks of Mineral Creek and the adjacent hillsides were walked, starting near the ghost town of Chattanooga and proceeding downstream to the confluence of Mineral Creek with the Middle Fork of Mineral Creek. The purpose of this reconnaissance was to identify areas of emergent groundwater on the right (EGR) and left (EGL) banks, a task that was accomplished by following observed surface flows (seeps and springs) upgradient to the point at which they emanated from the subsurface. Coordinates, using a handheld global positioning system (GPS) device, and photographs were obtained at these locations of emergent groundwater. Water temperature and specific conductance were measured at a subset of locations. Elevation for each location was subsequently assigned using an existing LIDAR data set. Similar procedures were followed at additional sites such as where surface flows entered Mineral Creek (right (RBI) and left (LBI) bank inflows) and the main stem of Mineral Creek (STR). These data are provided in a visual format through the associated KMZ file (224 MB), which provides an HTML formatted pop-up of unique point data and photograph when a waypoint is selected. This release is complementary to a synoptic study conducted in 1999 (Kimball and others, 2007). References: Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K. and Runkel, R.L., 2007, Quantification of metal loading by tracer injection and synoptic sampling, 1996-2000, chap. E9 of Church, S.E., von Guerard, P., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated investigations of environmental effects of historical mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, p. 417–495. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1651.