UI_Mica_Location: Location metadata and meteorological and snow depth observations from met towers in the Mica Creek Experimental Forest. Data were collected at 7 different station sites at approximately half-hour intervals for water years 2003-2006, with discontinuous records due to equipment malfunction or damage. Stations were located within different forest harvest treatment sections, applied to the watershed in approximately 2001, including clear-cut harvest, partial harvest, and control sections (both second growth and old growth control forests). Site Data Citation for full description of the field campaign and sites. UI_Mica_met: Metadata and associated snow depth and SWE observations from 14 manual snow courses taken in the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed, as part of a University of Idaho project (PI: Tim Link). Snow courses were performed during in WY 2006, approximately monthly from February to March, and approximately bi-weekly from March to May. Snow course transects were 20 m long, with snow depth measurements taken approximately every 2m, and SWE approximately every 4m with a Federal Snow Sampler. Transects were located in different forest harvest treatment sections, applied to the watershed in around 2001, including clear-cut harvest, partial harvest, and control sections (both second growth and old growth control forests). Note that the partial cut canopy also includes skid trails, and some of the snow courses traverse the skid trails which tend to act more like canopy gaps than partial canopy (see Du et al 2013, Hydrological Processes, for discussion of this). Location attributes such as elevation, slope, and aspect, for snow courses taken from Jason Hubbart's personal files, Hubbart_snow_course.xls, with his permission; note that these values may differ from those extracted from a digital elevation model based on the coordinates of the transect. Coordinates represent the middle of the 20 m snow course, and transects were completed parallel to slope (personal communication with Jason Hubbart, 2015). UI_Mica_SnowCourses: Location Metadata for manual snow course observations and meteorological sensors. Location attributes, such as elevation, slope, and aspect, for snow courses taken from Jason Hubbart's personal files, Hubbart_snow_course.xls, with his permission; note that these values may differ from those extracted from a digital elevation model based on the coordinates of the transect. Snow course coordinates represent the middle of the 20 m snow course, and transects were completed parallel to slope (personal communication with Jason Hubbart, 2015).

OSU_SnowCourse Summary: Manual snow course observations were collected over WY 2012-2014 from four paired forest-open sites chosen to span a broad elevation range. Study sites were located in the upper McKenzie (McK) River watershed, approximately 100 km east of Corvallis, Oregon, on the western slope of the Cascade Range and in the Middle Fork Willamette (MFW) watershed, located to the south of the McKenzie. The sites were designated based on elevation, with a range of 1110-1480 m. Distributed snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) observations were collected via monthly manual snow courses from 1 November through 1 April and bi-weekly thereafter. Snow courses spanned 500 m of forested terrain and 500 m of adjacent open terrain. Snow depth observations were collected approximately every 10 m and SWE was measured every 100 m along the snow courses with a federal snow sampler. These data are raw observations and have not been quality controlled in any way. Distance along the transect was estimated in the field. OSU_SnowDepth Summary: 10-minute snow depth observations collected at OSU met stations in the upper McKenzie River Watershed and the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed during Water Years 2012-2014. Each meterological tower was deployed to represent either a forested or an open area at a particular site, and generally the locations were paired, with a meterological station deployed in the forest and in the open area at a single site. These data were collected in conjunction with manual snow course observations, and the meterological stations were located in the approximate center of each forest or open snow course transect. These data have undergone basic quality control. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files (named "RawData.txt" within each site and year directory) provided by OSU, along with metadata of site attributes. We converted the Excel-based timestamp (seconds since origin) to a date, changed the NaN flags for missing data to NA, and added site attributes such as site name and cover. We replaced positive values with NA, since snow depth values in raw data are negative (i.e., flipped, with some correction to use the height of the sensor as zero). Thus, positive snow depth values in the raw data equal negative snow depth values. Second, the sign of the data was switched to make them positive. Then, the smooth.m (MATLAB) function was used to roughly smooth the data, with a moving window of 50 points. Third, outliers were removed. All values higher than the smoothed values +10, were replaced with NA. In some cases, further single point outliers were removed. OSU_Met Summary: Raw, 10-minute meteorological observations collected at OSU met stations in the upper McKenzie River Watershed and the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed during Water Years 2012-2014. Each meterological tower was deployed to represent either a forested or an open area at a particular site, and generally the locations were paired, with a meterological station deployed in the forest and in the open area at a single site. These data were collected in conjunction with manual snow course observations, and the meteorological stations were located in the approximate center of each forest or open snow course transect. These stations were deployed to collect numerous meteorological variables, of which snow depth and wind speed are included here. These data are raw datalogger output and have not been quality controlled in any way. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files (named "RawData.txt" within each site and year directory) provided by OSU, along with metadata of site attributes. We converted the Excel-based timestamp (seconds since origin) to a date, changed the NaN and 7999 flags for missing data to NA, and added site attributes such as site name

OSU_SnowCourse Summary: Manual snow course observations were collected over WY 2012-2014 from four paired forest-open sites chosen to span a broad elevation range. Study sites were located in the upper McKenzie (McK) River watershed, approximately 100 km east of Corvallis, Oregon, on the western slope of the Cascade Range and in the Middle Fork Willamette (MFW) watershed, located to the south of the McKenzie. The sites were designated based on elevation, with a range of 1110-1480 m. Distributed snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) observations were collected via monthly manual snow courses from 1 November through 1 April and bi-weekly thereafter. Snow courses spanned 500 m of forested terrain and 500 m of adjacent open terrain. Snow depth observations were collected approximately every 10 m and SWE was measured every 100 m along the snow courses with a federal snow sampler. These data are raw observations and have not been quality controlled in any way. Distance along the transect was estimated in the field. OSU_SnowDepth Summary: 10-minute snow depth observations collected at OSU met stations in the upper McKenzie River Watershed and the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed during Water Years 2012-2014. Each meterological tower was deployed to represent either a forested or an open area at a particular site, and generally the locations were paired, with a meterological station deployed in the forest and in the open area at a single site. These data were collected in conjunction with manual snow course observations, and the meterological stations were located in the approximate center of each forest or open snow course transect. These data have undergone basic quality control. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files (named "RawData.txt" within each site and year directory) provided by OSU, along with metadata of site attributes. We converted the Excel-based timestamp (seconds since origin) to a date, changed the NaN flags for missing data to NA, and added site attributes such as site name and cover. We replaced positive values with NA, since snow depth values in raw data are negative (i.e., flipped, with some correction to use the height of the sensor as zero). Thus, positive snow depth values in the raw data equal negative snow depth values. Second, the sign of the data was switched to make them positive. Then, the smooth.m (MATLAB) function was used to roughly smooth the data, with a moving window of 50 points. Third, outliers were removed. All values higher than the smoothed values +10, were replaced with NA. In some cases, further single point outliers were removed. OSU_Met Summary: Raw, 10-minute meteorological observations collected at OSU met stations in the upper McKenzie River Watershed and the Middle Fork Willamette Watershed during Water Years 2012-2014. Each meterological tower was deployed to represent either a forested or an open area at a particular site, and generally the locations were paired, with a meterological station deployed in the forest and in the open area at a single site. These data were collected in conjunction with manual snow course observations, and the meteorological stations were located in the approximate center of each forest or open snow course transect. These stations were deployed to collect numerous meteorological variables, of which snow depth and wind speed are included here. These data are raw datalogger output and have not been quality controlled in any way. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files (named "RawData.txt" within each site and year directory) provided by OSU, along with metadata of site attributes. We converted the Excel-based timestamp (seconds since origin) to a date, changed the NaN and 7999 flags for missing data to NA, and added site attributes such as site name

Snow and meteorological observations were collected over a range of water years (WY) by three research institutions and by citizen scientists to characterize forest effects on snow processes across the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fourteen total study sites cover the western slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in WA and OR, and central and northern ID. Each study location includes one or more paired forest and open area in which to compare snow observations. A range of forest canopy densities and data collection strategies are represented, including paired manual snow courses, snow pits, automated sensors, and time-lapse images of snow measurement poles. Analysis and synthesis of all of these sites are presented in the data citation. Location attributes are provided as metadata for each site.

Snow and meteorological observations were collected over a range of water years (WY) by three research institutions and by citizen scientists to characterize forest effects on snow processes across the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fourteen total study sites cover the western slopes and crest of the Cascade Range in WA and OR, and central and northern ID. Each study location includes one or more paired forest and open area in which to compare snow observations. A range of forest canopy densities and data collection strategies are represented, including paired manual snow courses, snow pits, automated sensors, and time-lapse images of snow measurement poles. Analysis and synthesis of all of these sites are presented in the data citation. Location attributes are provided as metadata for each site.

UIEF_wind Summary: Within the Flat Creek Unit of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest (UIEF) near Moscow, ID, 30-minute snow depth and meteorological data were collected at seven locations across the Lawler Landing site (elevation 880 m) from February to May of WY 2008. A 70 m north-south oriented transect of 5 snow depth sensors was deployed to record sub-daily snow depth, with co-located meteorological instruments. The sensors traversed a 40 m long elliptical forest gap and the adjacent forest in both directions. The locations were the same as those used previously to quantify how shortwave and longwave radiation vary across a forest gap [Lawler and Link, 2011]. Two additional snow depth sensors and meteorological stations were deployed at “interior forest reference” and “open reference” sites, situated 80 m southeast and 1200 m west, respectively, from the main transect. Whereas the forest reference site was similar to the surrounding forest, the open reference site was much more exposed than the forest gap. These data are generally raw datalogger output and have not been quality controlled in any way unless specifically designated in the variable name. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files provided by IU, along with approximate coordinates of the sensor locations. Collaborators at the University of Washington (Jessica Lundquist) converted the timestamp given in fractional julian days to a dates and added site attributes such as Location ID and cover. UIEF_snowdepth Summary: Observed snow depth from acoustic sensor. Measurements taken within the Lowler Landing Gap, as part of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest. Sensor data was collected half-hourly during February through May 2008. Sensor data collected at 7 different points. See location metadata and data citation for description of locations. These data include raw values and values that were smoothed by Diana Carson, see data citation for details. UIEF_Location Summary: Within the Flat Creek Unit of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest (UIEF) near Moscow, ID, 30-minute snow depth and meteorological data were collected at seven locations across the Lawler Landing site (elevation 880 m) from February to May of WY 2008. These location metadata are assocatied with each unique location identification, which ties to time series data. See Figure 1 of data citation for schematic map of locations. These coordinates are estimated from Google Earth based on Dr. Timothy Link's memory of where the sensors were located. Other attributes of each location were recorded as field notes as part of the study design.

UIEF_wind Summary: Within the Flat Creek Unit of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest (UIEF) near Moscow, ID, 30-minute snow depth and meteorological data were collected at seven locations across the Lawler Landing site (elevation 880 m) from February to May of WY 2008. A 70 m north-south oriented transect of 5 snow depth sensors was deployed to record sub-daily snow depth, with co-located meteorological instruments. The sensors traversed a 40 m long elliptical forest gap and the adjacent forest in both directions. The locations were the same as those used previously to quantify how shortwave and longwave radiation vary across a forest gap [Lawler and Link, 2011]. Two additional snow depth sensors and meteorological stations were deployed at “interior forest reference” and “open reference” sites, situated 80 m southeast and 1200 m west, respectively, from the main transect. Whereas the forest reference site was similar to the surrounding forest, the open reference site was much more exposed than the forest gap. These data are generally raw datalogger output and have not been quality controlled in any way unless specifically designated in the variable name. See manufacturer specifications for individual instruments to determine sensor accuracy. This file was compiled from individual raw data files provided by IU, along with approximate coordinates of the sensor locations. Collaborators at the University of Washington (Jessica Lundquist) converted the timestamp given in fractional julian days to a dates and added site attributes such as Location ID and cover. UIEF_snowdepth Summary: Observed snow depth from acoustic sensor. Measurements taken within the Lowler Landing Gap, as part of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest. Sensor data was collected half-hourly during February through May 2008. Sensor data collected at 7 different points. See location metadata and data citation for description of locations. These data include raw values and values that were smoothed by Diana Carson, see data citation for details. UIEF_Location Summary: Within the Flat Creek Unit of the University of Idaho Experimental Forest (UIEF) near Moscow, ID, 30-minute snow depth and meteorological data were collected at seven locations across the Lawler Landing site (elevation 880 m) from February to May of WY 2008. These location metadata are assocatied with each unique location identification, which ties to time series data. See Figure 1 of data citation for schematic map of locations. These coordinates are estimated from Google Earth based on Dr. Timothy Link's memory of where the sensors were located. Other attributes of each location were recorded as field notes as part of the study design.

Remote camera data on snow presence, snow depth, and wildlife detections on Moscow Mountain in Latah County, ID, USA. Reconyx Hyperfire I and Hyperfire II cameras were used and set to take hourly timelapse images and motion-triggered images. The cameras were deployed from October 2020 - May 2021. Snow presence was assessed up to 15 m from the camera. Snow depth was measured using virtual snow stakes created with the edger R package created by the author. Wildlife were marked as present in all photos in which they appear, and new individuals were counted. Snow density was collected using a federal or prairie snow sampler. Snow hardness was collected using a ram penetrometer. Solar radiation was calculated using hemispherical photographs. Cold-air pooling was approximated using a DEM. These data were used for two purposes: 1) to explore variability in snow disappearance dates in a complex forested terrain, and 2) to examine relationships between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) and snow properties including snow depth, density, and hardness.

Remote camera data on snow presence, snow depth, and wildlife detections on Moscow Mountain in Latah County, ID, USA. Reconyx Hyperfire I and Hyperfire II cameras were set to take hourly timelapse images and motion-triggered images from October 2020 - May 2021 at 5 elevation categories (800-925m, 925-1050m, 1050-1175m, 1775-1300m, and > 1300m), 4 aspects (N, S, E, and W), and 3 canopy densities (Sparse [0-35%], Moderate [35-75%], and Dense [75-100%]), in duplicate, plus 17 selected microclimates (137 locations total), on Moscow Mountain in Latah County, ID. Images from 27 other locations were part of a pilot experiment during January to May 2020. Data in the CSVs include image metadata, camera site characteristics, temperature (degrees Celsius), precipitation events (T/F), snow presence (T/F), manual measurements of snow depth (cm), and wildlife detections. Snow presence was assessed up to 15 m from the camera. Snow depth was measured using virtual snow stakes created with the edger R package created by the author. Wildlife were marked as present in all photos in which they appear, and new individuals were counted. Camera sites were chosen by stratified non-random sampling. Cameras were never closer than 25m to other cameras, nor were they placed facing trails. Branches and vegetation which could impede the FOV of the camera or cause false-positive triggers were removed. Cameras were deployed approximately 2m from the ground on trees and tilted slightly downward to prevent snow from accumulating on the lens. Cameras were programmed to take hourly photographs as well as motion-triggered photographs at high sensitivity. Cameras were programmed to take three images per trigger with a 1-second delay between images and no quiet period between triggers. Cameras were checked approximately monthly to ensure proper function. After collection of cameras, images were pre-processed to superimpose a "virtual" snow stake (VSS) onto images for snow depth estimations. The VSS method was developed by the MS student in Program R and allows the user to superimpose a snow stake onto images based on reference images taken during camera deployment or retrieval which contained a snow stake. Pre-processed images were then manually processed by technicians. Technicians measured snow depth using VSS's at 5m, 10m, and 15m from the camera, dependent on the camera viewshed. A subset of cameras (20) also had a permanent PVC snow stake installed in the camera viewshed. Technicians also reported snow presence, precipitation events (either happening [True] or not happening [False]), and wildlife detections. Wildlife detections were recorded such that every image in which a particular wildlife species appeared was recorded as "Present." Then, each individual was counted a single time in the proper demographic category (female/antlerless male, male, fawn, and unknown for ungulate species and adult or young-of-year for predator species). Other data recorded included camera operating state (normal or otherwise), human detections, and unique markings on wildlife.

We collected snow density measurements at camera sites from December 2020 - April 2021, at the same time as snow hardness measurements. We took measurements every few weeks as logistics allowed. We took samples near the camera site in snow visually similar to the snow in the camera viewshed (the geographical area that is visible from a location) to prevent snow conditions from being disturbed beyond normal camera deployment. We took snow density samples using a homemade prairie sampler in snow depths < 100 cm and using a federal snow sampler in snow depths > 100 cm. The sampler was inserted into the snow to remove a snow core. We retained the core if the depth of snow in the sampler was at least 90% of the actual snow depth and the base of the snowpack had been reached as evidenced by litter or a soil plug at the base of the core. After we removed the soil plug, we weighed the core to determine its snow-water equivalent (SWE). We converted the SWE measured with the samplers into a density measurement by dividing the SWE by the snow depth. If a snow core of adequate quality could not be obtained after several minutes of effort, we did not measure snow density on that sampling occasion.