These data are processed Landsat images. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: The dataset is too large for Sciencehub upload. It can be accessed through the following means: Please contact Laurie Alexander, alexander.laurie@epa.gov. Format: These data are in OLI Full Resolution Browse (FRB) format. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Vanderhoof , M., and L. Alexander. The Role of Lake Expansion in Altering the Wetland Landscape of the Prairie Pothole Region, United States. WETLANDS. The Society of Wetland Scientists, McLean, VA, USA, 36(Suppl 2): S309-S321, (2016).

Aquatic features critical to watershed hydrology range widely in size from narrow, shallow streams to large, deep lakes. In this study we evaluated wetland, lake, and river systems across the Prairie Pothole Region to explore where pan-sharpened high-resolution (PSHR) imagery, relative to Landsat imagery, could provide additional data on surface water distribution and movement, missed by Landsat. We used the monthly Global Surface Water (GSW) Landsat product as well as surface water derived from Landsat imagery using a matched filtering algorithm (MF Landsat) to help consider how including partially inundated Landsat pixels as water influenced our findings. The PSHR outputs (and MF Landsat) were able to identify ~60-90% more surface water interactions between waterbodies, relative to the GSW Landsat product. However, regardless of Landsat source, by documenting many smaller (<0.2 ha), inundated wetlands, the PSHR outputs modified our interpretation of wetland size distribution across the Prairie Pothole Region.

The metadata describe the set of Landsat Thematic Mapper images used in this study. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: File size is too large. It can be accessed through the following means: See the data dictionary. Format: TIFF. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Vanderhoof, M., J. Christensen , and L. Alexander. Patterns and drivers for wetland connections in the Prairie Pothole Region, United States. Wetlands Ecology and Management. Springer Science and Business Media B.V;Formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V., GERMANY, 25: 275-297, (2017).

The metadata describe the set of Landsat Thematic Mapper images used in this study. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: File size is too large. It can be accessed through the following means: See the data dictionary. Format: TIFF. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Vanderhoof, M., J. Christensen , and L. Alexander. Patterns and drivers for wetland connections in the Prairie Pothole Region, United States. Wetlands Ecology and Management. Springer Science and Business Media B.V;Formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V., GERMANY, 25: 275-297, (2017).

The 4 resource surveys (coastal, rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, and wetlands) each have datasets covering the biological, chemical, physical habitat, hydrologic and watershed data. This dataset is associated with the following publications: Stoddard , J., J. Van Sickle, A. Herlihy, J. Brahney, S. Paulsen , D. Peck , R. Mitchell , and A. Pollard. Continental-scale increase in stream and lake phosphorus: Are oligotrophic systems disappearing in the U.S.?. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 50(7): 3409-3415, (2016). Herlihy, A., M. Kentula, T. Magee, G. Lomnicky, A. Nahlik, and G. Serenbetz. Striving for consistency in the National Wetland Condition Assessment: developing a reference condition approach for assessing wetlands at a continental scale. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 327, (2019). Magee, T., K. Blocksom, and S. Fennessy. A national-scale vegetation multimetric index (VMMI) as an indicator of wetland condition across the conterminous United States.. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 322, (2019). Herlihy, A., J. Sifneos, G. Lomnicky, A. Nahlik, M. Kentula, T. Magee, M. Weber, and A. Trebitz. The response of wetland quality indicators to human disturbance indicators across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 296, (2019). Herlihy, A., S. Paulsen, M. Kentula, T. Magee, A. Nahlik, and G. Lomnicky. Assessing the relative and attributable risk of stressors to wetland condition across the conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 320, (2019). Lomnicky, G., A.T. Herlihy, and P. Kaufmann. Quantifying the extent of human disturbance activities and anthropogenic stressors in wetlands across the conterminous United States: results from the National Wetland Condition Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 324, (2019). Bowen, G., A. Putman, J.R. Brooks, D. Bowling, E. Oerter, and S. Good. Inferring the source of evaporated waters using stable H and O isotopes.. OECOLOGIA. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 187(4): 1025-1039, (2018). Fox, E., J. Ver Hoef, and T. Olsen. Comparing Spatial Regression to Random Forests for Large Environmental Data Sets.. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science, San Francisco, CA, USA, 15(3): e0229509, (2020). Nahlik, A., K. Blocksom, A. Herlihy, M. Kentula, T. Magee, and S. Paulsen. Use of national-scale data to examine human-mediated additions of heavy metals to wetland soils of the US. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 336, (2019). Kentula, M., and S. Paulsen. The 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment: Overview and an Invitation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 325, (2019). Magee, T., K. Blocksom, A. Herlihy, and A. Nahlik. Characterizing nonnative plants in wetlands across the conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 344, (2019). Feio, M., R. Hughes, M. Callisto, S.J. Nichols, O.N. Odume, B.R. Quintella, M. Kuemmerlen, F.C. Aguiar, S.F.P. Almeida, P. Alonso-EguíaLis , F.O. Arimoro, F.J. Dyer , J.S. Harding , S. Jang , P. Kaufmann, S. Lee, J. Li, D.R. Macedo, A. Mendes, N. Mercado-Silva , W. Monk, K. Nakamura, G.G. Ndiritu , R. Ogden , M. Peat , T.B. Reynoldson , B. Rios-Touma , P. Segurado , and A.G. Yates. The biological assessment and rehabilitation of the world’s rivers: an overview. WATER. MDPI AG, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 13(3): 371, (2021).

The 4 resource surveys (coastal, rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, and wetlands) each have datasets covering the biological, chemical, physical habitat, hydrologic and watershed data. This dataset is associated with the following publications: Stoddard , J., J. Van Sickle, A. Herlihy, J. Brahney, S. Paulsen , D. Peck , R. Mitchell , and A. Pollard. Continental-scale increase in stream and lake phosphorus: Are oligotrophic systems disappearing in the U.S.?. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 50(7): 3409-3415, (2016). Herlihy, A., M. Kentula, T. Magee, G. Lomnicky, A. Nahlik, and G. Serenbetz. Striving for consistency in the National Wetland Condition Assessment: developing a reference condition approach for assessing wetlands at a continental scale. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 327, (2019). Magee, T., K. Blocksom, and S. Fennessy. A national-scale vegetation multimetric index (VMMI) as an indicator of wetland condition across the conterminous United States.. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 322, (2019). Herlihy, A., J. Sifneos, G. Lomnicky, A. Nahlik, M. Kentula, T. Magee, M. Weber, and A. Trebitz. The response of wetland quality indicators to human disturbance indicators across the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 296, (2019). Herlihy, A., S. Paulsen, M. Kentula, T. Magee, A. Nahlik, and G. Lomnicky. Assessing the relative and attributable risk of stressors to wetland condition across the conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 320, (2019). Lomnicky, G., A.T. Herlihy, and P. Kaufmann. Quantifying the extent of human disturbance activities and anthropogenic stressors in wetlands across the conterminous United States: results from the National Wetland Condition Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 324, (2019). Bowen, G., A. Putman, J.R. Brooks, D. Bowling, E. Oerter, and S. Good. Inferring the source of evaporated waters using stable H and O isotopes.. OECOLOGIA. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 187(4): 1025-1039, (2018). Fox, E., J. Ver Hoef, and T. Olsen. Comparing Spatial Regression to Random Forests for Large Environmental Data Sets.. PLoS ONE. Public Library of Science, San Francisco, CA, USA, 15(3): e0229509, (2020). Nahlik, A., K. Blocksom, A. Herlihy, M. Kentula, T. Magee, and S. Paulsen. Use of national-scale data to examine human-mediated additions of heavy metals to wetland soils of the US. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 336, (2019). Kentula, M., and S. Paulsen. The 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment: Overview and an Invitation. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 325, (2019). Magee, T., K. Blocksom, A. Herlihy, and A. Nahlik. Characterizing nonnative plants in wetlands across the conterminous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT. Springer, New York, NY, USA, 191: 344, (2019). Feio, M., R. Hughes, M. Callisto, S.J. Nichols, O.N. Odume, B.R. Quintella, M. Kuemmerlen, F.C. Aguiar, S.F.P. Almeida, P. Alonso-EguíaLis , F.O. Arimoro, F.J. Dyer , J.S. Harding , S. Jang , P. Kaufmann, S. Lee, J. Li, D.R. Macedo, A. Mendes, N. Mercado-Silva , W. Monk, K. Nakamura, G.G. Ndiritu , R. Ogden , M. Peat , T.B. Reynoldson , B. Rios-Touma , P. Segurado , and A.G. Yates. The biological assessment and rehabilitation of the world’s rivers: an overview. WATER. MDPI AG, Basel, SWITZERLAND, 13(3): 371, (2021).

All data in this paper was acquired via publicly available sites and processed as described in the manuscript. The following data links are provided: Spatial Flood Extent data available from the USGS (Morlock et al. 2008). https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1322/ National Wetlands Inventory data available from the US FWS https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data/Mapper.html National Hydrography Dataset available from the USGS (National Hydrography product page) https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/access-national-hydrography-products Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance data https://www.fema.gov/data-feeds Soil-Based Floodplain Map (Sangwan and Merwade 2015) https://purr.purdue.edu/publications/2430/1. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Lane, C., A. Hall, E. D'Amico, N. Sangwan, and V. Merwade. Characterizing the Extent of Spatially Integrated Floodplain and Wetland Systems in the White River, Indiana, USA. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 53(4): 774-790, (2017).

All data in this paper was acquired via publicly available sites and processed as described in the manuscript. The following data links are provided: Spatial Flood Extent data available from the USGS (Morlock et al. 2008). https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1322/ National Wetlands Inventory data available from the US FWS https://www.fws.gov/wetlands/data/Mapper.html National Hydrography Dataset available from the USGS (National Hydrography product page) https://www.usgs.gov/core-science-systems/ngp/national-hydrography/access-national-hydrography-products Federal Emergency Management Agency flood insurance data https://www.fema.gov/data-feeds Soil-Based Floodplain Map (Sangwan and Merwade 2015) https://purr.purdue.edu/publications/2430/1. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Lane, C., A. Hall, E. D'Amico, N. Sangwan, and V. Merwade. Characterizing the Extent of Spatially Integrated Floodplain and Wetland Systems in the White River, Indiana, USA. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 53(4): 774-790, (2017).