Updated version of data generated from rare earth element investigation of produced waters. These data represent major, minor, trace, isotopes, and rare earth element concentrations in geologic formations and water associated with oil and gas production.

This work was developed to complement the geochemical assessments of produced water and geothermal water samples. Specifically, this task was designed to test the influence of reservoir rock-type and corresponding mineralogy/geochemistry on the concentrations of REE found in oil and gas produced waters. There has been no direct investigation of REE reactions relative to rock-type in deep oil and gas brine prior to this investigation.

This spatial database "usgs_Global_REE.gdb" was created for use in a geographic information system (GIS) to support research on global rare earth deposits and occurrences by the U.S. Geological Survey. This inventory documents the geologic occurrence of rare earths, including mineralogy, type of deposit or occurrence, host rocks and alteration, and any quantitative data related to size and grade from publicly available data. Rare earths, as used in this report, includes the chemically similar lanthanide group of elements, as well as yttrium. Databases that summarize the distribution of known occurrences and their geologic setting are an integral part of a geologically-based evaluation of undiscovered mineral resources. The distribution of known occurrences allows us to understand the factors that control their distributions, the degree of variation within deposit types, and, through the use of analogy, to forecast areas where similar deposits and occurrences may occur. The geodatabase contains more than 3100 records with latitudes and longitudes and more than 800 records without plottable locations. Spatial and descriptive data for 3100 rare earth deposits and occurrences around the world are stored in the rare earth geodatabase feature class "Global_REE" for use in a geographic information system (GIS). In addition, 820 deposits and occurrences for which no location was found or determined are stored in a geodatabase table "Global_REE_nonspatial_table" and the over 1590 references are stored in a geodatabase table "All_Global_REE_references" which were used to compile these data. The databases of rare earth deposits and occurrences provides descriptive information where available on mineralogy, host and associated rocks and ages, alteration, sizes and grades of resources and production, and references; the data in the spatial database include location.

Rare earth element concentrations in submarine hydrothermal fluids from Alarcon Rise, East Pacific Rise, REE concentrations in submarine hydrothermal fluids from Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, and the Cleft vent field, southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. Data are not corrected to zero Mg.

The USGS National Field Manual (NFM) states “A representative sample is one that typifies in time and space that part of the aqueous system to be studied” and “obtaining representative samples is of primary importance for a relevant description of the environment.” The NFM contains detailed chapters on the best practices for representative and contamination free sampling of major and trace metals (U.S. Geological Survey 2006). However, as analytical capabilities have advanced and new preservation methods developed, there is a need to study the effectiveness of various amounts of nitric acid preservation for trace metals and major cations in surface water and groundwater. The amount of nitric acid prescribed by the NFM for the preservation of cations and trace metals (0.4% v/v concentrated nitric acid, see attachment 1; U.S. Geological Survey 2002) is lower than some other commonly used methods (e.g., 1% v/v concentrated nitric acid). Furthermore, the NFM calls for the final sample pH to be less than 2, which may not always be measured or may change as the sample equilibrates (e.g. groundwater). The additional acid volume will likely prevent the formation of precipitates and may simplify field sampling protocols (i.e. measuring the final pH of the preserved sample may not be necessary). A total of eighty-eight replicate samples from sixty-nine different sites were collected from the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Network (NWQN). One replicate sample was preserved using the current method prescribed by the NFM (0.4% v/v concentrated nitric acid) and additional nitric was added to the second replicate sample (total of 1% v/v concentrated nitric acid). The paired samples were analyzed for trace metals by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and major cations by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry.

Brackish groundwater (BGW), defined for this assessment as having a dissolved-solids concentration between 1,000 and 10,000 milligrams per liter is an unconventional source of water that may offer a partial solution to current (2016) and future water challenges. In support of the National Water Census, the U.S. Geological Survey has completed a BGW assessment to gain a better understanding of the occurrence and character of BGW resources of the United States as an alternative source of water. Analyses completed as part of this assessment relied on previously collected data from multiple sources, and no new data were collected. One of the most important contributions of this assessment was the creation of a database containing chemical data and aquifer information for the known quantities of BGW in the United States. Data were compiled from single publications to large datasets and from local studies to national assessments, and includes chemical data on the concentrations of dissolved solids, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, radionuclides, and physical properties of the resource (pH, temperature, specific conductance). This dataset represents major-ions data from a compilation of water-quality samples from 16 sources for about 124,000 groundwater wells across the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. The data are published here as an ESRI geodatabase with a point feature class, and associated attribute table, and also as non-proprietary comma-separated value table. Major-ions data include information for assessing the geochemical-water type, saturation indices, and potential for mineral scaling. It was not possible to compile all data available for the Nation, and data selected for this investigation were mostly limited to larger datasets that were available in a digital format. As a result, some data on a more local-scale may not be included.

Chemical and isotopic analyses are reported for water samples collected from water supply wells, a geothermal well in the Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV) power plant, a hot spring in the Puna District, a research well on the summit of Kīlauea Volcano (informally called “NSF Well”, or “Keller Well ”), and a water catchment in the headquarters area of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, Hawai'i. These water samples were collected and analyzed as part of research investigations on the potential impact of the 2018 Kilauea lower East Rift Zone and summit eruption on water supplies. The presented data allow for a comparison with data from an investigation carried out prior to the 2018 eruption (Evans and others, 2015 ). Water chemistry analysis of samples from the research well on the summit of Kīlauea follows a previous data release and research investigations (Hurwitz and others, 2003; Hurwitz and others, 2019 ; Hurwitz and Anderson, 2019). Most samples were analyzed for dissolved and total major cations and anions, trace metals, and isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. References Evans, W.C., Bergfeld, D., Sutton, A.J., Lee, R.C., and Lorenson, T.D., 2015, Groundwater chemistry in the vicinity of the Puna Geothermal Venture power plant, Hawai‘i, after two decades of production: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5139, 26 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20155139. Hurwitz, S., Anderson, K.R., 2019, Temporal Variations in Scrubbing of Magmatic Gases at the Summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'I, Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2019GL085904. Hurwitz , S., F. Goff, C.J. Janik, W.C. Evans, D.A. Counce, M.L. Sorey, S.E. Ingebritsen, 2003, Mixing of magmatic volatiles with groundwater and interaction with basalt, on the summit of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 2028, doi:10.1029/2001JB001594. Hurwitz, S., Peek, S., Younger, E.F., and Lee, R.L., 2019, Water level, temperature and chemistry in a deep well on the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai`i: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UCGT2F.

Brackish groundwater (BGW), defined for this assessment as having a dissolved-solids concentration between 1,000 and 10,000 milligrams per liter is an unconventional source of water that may offer a partial solution to current (2016) and future water challenges. In support of the National Water Census, the U.S. Geological Survey has completed a BGW assessment to gain a better understanding of the occurrence and character of BGW resources of the United States as an alternative source of water. Analyses completed as part of this assessment relied on previously collected data from multiple sources, and no new data were collected. One of the most important contributions of this assessment is the creation of a database containing chemical data and aquifer information for the known quantities of BGW in the United States. Data were compiled from single publications to large datasets and from local studies to national assessments, and includes chemical data on the concentrations of dissolved solids, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, radionuclides, and physical properties of the resource (pH, temperature, specific conductance). This dataset represents major-ions data from a compilation of water-quality samples from 33 sources for almost 384,000 groundwater wells across the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. The data are published here as an ESRI geodatabase with a point feature class, and associated attribute table, and also as non-proprietary comma-separated value table. Dissolved-solids data include information for assessing the distribution of dissolved-solids concentrations and other chemical constituents that may limit the usability of brackish groundwater. It was not possible to compile all data available for the Nation, and data selected for this investigation were mostly limited to larger datasets that were available in a digital format. As a result, some data on a more local-scale may not be included.

Brackish groundwater (BGW), defined for this assessment as having a dissolved-solids concentration between 1,000 and 10,000 milligrams per liter is an unconventional source of water that may offer a partial solution to current (2016) and future water challenges. In support of the National Water Census, the U.S. Geological Survey has completed a BGW assessment to gain a better understanding of the occurrence and character of BGW resources of the United States as an alternative source of water. Analyses completed as part of this assessment relied on previously collected data from multiple sources, and no new data were collected. One of the most important contributions of this assessment is the creation of a database containing chemical data and aquifer information for the known quantities of BGW in the United States. Data were compiled from single publications to large datasets and from local studies to national assessments, and includes chemical data on the concentrations of dissolved solids, major ions, trace elements, nutrients, radionuclides, and physical properties of the resource (pH, temperature, specific conductance). This dataset represents major-ions data from a compilation of water-quality samples from 33 sources for almost 384,000 groundwater wells across the continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. The data are published here as an ESRI geodatabase with a point feature class, and associated attribute table, and also as non-proprietary comma-separated value table. Dissolved-solids data include information for assessing the distribution of dissolved-solids concentrations and other chemical constituents that may limit the usability of brackish groundwater. It was not possible to compile all data available for the Nation, and data selected for this investigation were mostly limited to larger datasets that were available in a digital format. As a result, some data on a more local-scale may not be included.

These data are chemical analyses of discrete samples of groundwater, stream base flow, and springs collected to support a U.S. Geological Survey study to estimate the timing and source of recharge to the basalt groundwater system in the Umatilla River basin, Oregon. Categories of data include: (1) site information (2) field measurements, (3) tracers of groundwater age and source, and (4) dissolved noble gases. These data were collected during August 26, 2014 – September 13, 2022. Data are in .csv file format.