This data collection includes spatial and tabular datasets related to the delineation and characterization of surface moisture zones (SMZs) in the vicinity of springs mapped in the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) in southeastern Oregon using time-series analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 imagery from 1985-2011. The study area is within and adjacent to the Steens Mountain Cooperative Management and Protection Area (CMPA), which is a protected area of approximately 1,732 km2 managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Harney County, Oregon. Within or adjacent to the Steens Mountain CMPA, approximately 1,100 springs are mapped in the NHD, however very little hydrologic data exists for these springs. Data in this data release were produced using a set of scripts written in the R programming language, which are also included in this data release (see ‘larger works citation’ to access R scripts and associated metadata). These data processing scripts, data products, and associated metadata provide documentation for a novel remote-sensing based approach to assess the potential resilience of spring-dependent ecosystems to inter-annual changes in water availability. This approach uses time-series analysis of NDVI to (1) delineate SMZs in the vicinity of mapped springs in a semi-arid sage-steppe landscape, (2) derive quantitative indicators of the relative resilience of these SMZs to inter-annual changes in water availability, and (3) synthesize these indicators into an overall resilience score for each cluster of springs. Specifically, for 39 spring clusters in Harney County, Oregon, USA, these scripts process Landsat-derived NDVI and precipitation data from 1985-2011 to derive 7 potential indicators of SMZ resilience to water-cycle changes. For detailed information on the resilience indicators, including their conceptual basis, methods of calculation, and interpretation, see Cartwright and Johnson (2018) and the R scripts and their associated metadata in this data release. References: Cartwright and Johnson (2018), Springs as hydrologic refugia in a changing climate? A remote sensing approach. Ecosphere X(X).

This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains data from stream water, groundwater, and soil samples collected in 2019 and 2020 in the North Quartz Creek watershed in central Colorado. Fourteen streambank wells were installed in pairs at seven locations in August 2020 to capture the emerging groundwater from the left bank and right banks (relative to downstream-facing direction) and a synoptic sampling campaign was conducted to quantify metal contributions to the stream. A continuous, instream injection of sodium bromide (NaBr) was initiated at the head of the 5 km study reach several days prior to the synoptic sampling campaign and maintained throughout the duration of the study. Bromide concentrations were subsequently used to determine streamflow in the primary study reach (upper 1.3 km) using the tracer-dilution method, and as an indicator of hydrologic connections between North Quartz Creek and subsurface water. Streamflow was quantified in a secondary study reach (lower 3.7 km) using data from a series of sodium chloride slug additions wherein specific conductivity readings were used as a surrogate for the tracer concentration. Surface water samples were collected along North Quartz Creek including inflows from the left (LBI) and right (RBI) banks. Soil and sediment samples were collected along the transport path from source material (natural weathering and mine tailings/mine drainage) to the stream.

This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains data from stream water, groundwater, and soil samples collected in 2019 and 2020 in the North Quartz Creek watershed in central Colorado. Fourteen streambank wells were installed in pairs at seven locations in August 2020 to capture the emerging groundwater from the left bank and right banks (relative to downstream-facing direction) and a synoptic sampling campaign was conducted to quantify metal contributions to the stream. A continuous, instream injection of sodium bromide (NaBr) was initiated at the head of the 5 km study reach several days prior to the synoptic sampling campaign and maintained throughout the duration of the study. Bromide concentrations were subsequently used to determine streamflow in the primary study reach (upper 1.3 km) using the tracer-dilution method, and as an indicator of hydrologic connections between North Quartz Creek and subsurface water. Streamflow was quantified in a secondary study reach (lower 3.7 km) using data from a series of sodium chloride slug additions wherein specific conductivity readings were used as a surrogate for the tracer concentration. Surface water samples were collected along North Quartz Creek including inflows from the left (LBI) and right (RBI) banks. Soil and sediment samples were collected along the transport path from source material (natural weathering and mine tailings/mine drainage) to the stream.

This dataset contains environmental tracer data from surface water and groundwater samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Redwell Basin, an alpine watershed in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. The basin is underlain by interbedded shale and sandstone that have been variably hydrothermally altered and silicified by local magmatic intrusions. Samples were collected from 2017 to 2019 from bedrock monitoring wells completed at multiple depths, shallow hand-installed piezometers and mini boreholes, springs, mine adits, and streams. The tracer data include stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium), tritium, dissolved noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and helium-3/helium-4 ratio), sulfur hexafluoride, and other dissolved atmospheric gases.

This dataset contains environmental tracer data from surface water and groundwater samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Redwell Basin, an alpine watershed in the Elk Mountains near the town of Crested Butte, Colorado. The basin is underlain by interbedded shale and sandstone that have been variably hydrothermally altered and silicified by local magmatic intrusions. Samples were collected from 2017 to 2019 from bedrock monitoring wells completed at multiple depths, shallow hand-installed piezometers and mini boreholes, springs, mine adits, and streams. The tracer data include stable isotopes of water (oxygen-18 and deuterium), tritium, dissolved noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and helium-3/helium-4 ratio), sulfur hexafluoride, and other dissolved atmospheric gases.

This dataset includes a Microsoft Excel file, and a *.csv and a *.txt version of the Excel file, that contain location and groundwater-level data for wells open to the Valley and Ridge carbonate aquifer of Cambrian-Ordovician age in the area of Savannah and Gunstocker Creeks in northeastern Hamilton, southern Meigs, and northwestern Bradley Counties, Tennessee, for fall 1992, spring and fall 1993, summer 2008, and spring 2009 conditions. Potentiometric-surface contour data for the five measurement periods also are included as separate Earth Sciences Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS shapefiles. The data were collected as parts of studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Chattanooga/Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, the City of Chattanooga, Hamilton County, the Hamilton County Association of Utility Districts, and the Savannah Valley Utility District (SVUD). The well and water-level data also are available from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS).

This dataset includes a Microsoft Excel file, and a *.csv and a *.txt version of the Excel file, that contain location and groundwater-level data for wells open to the Valley and Ridge carbonate aquifer of Cambrian-Ordovician age in the area of Savannah and Gunstocker Creeks in northeastern Hamilton, southern Meigs, and northwestern Bradley Counties, Tennessee, for fall 1992, spring and fall 1993, summer 2008, and spring 2009 conditions. Potentiometric-surface contour data for the five measurement periods also are included as separate Earth Sciences Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS shapefiles. The data were collected as parts of studies conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Chattanooga/Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, the City of Chattanooga, Hamilton County, the Hamilton County Association of Utility Districts, and the Savannah Valley Utility District (SVUD). The well and water-level data also are available from the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS).

The USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), created a series of geospatial mapping products of the Scotts Creek Watershed in Lake County, California, using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery from 2018, 2020 and 2022 and Open Street Map (OSM) from 2019. The imagery was downloaded from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Geospatial Data Gateway (https://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/) and Geofabrik GmbH - Open Street Map (https://www.geofabrik.de/geofabrik/openstreetmap.html), respectively. The imagery was classified using Random Forest (RF) Modeling to produce land cover maps with three main classifications - bare, vegetation, and shadows. An updated roads and trails map for the Upper Scotts Creek Watershed, including the BLM Recreational Area, was created to estimate road and trail densities in the watershed. Separate metadata records for each product (Land_Cover_Maps_Scotts_Creek_Watershed_CA_2018_2020_2022_metadata.xml, and Roads_and_Trails_Map_Upper_Scotts_Creek_Watershed_CA _2022_metadata.xml) are provided on the ScienceBase page for each child item. Users should be aware of the inherent errors in remote sensing products.

The USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), created a series of geospatial mapping products of the Scotts Creek Watershed in Lake County, California, using National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery from 2018, 2020 and 2022 and Open Street Map (OSM) from 2019. The imagery was downloaded from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Geospatial Data Gateway (https://datagateway.nrcs.usda.gov/) and Geofabrik GmbH - Open Street Map (https://www.geofabrik.de/geofabrik/openstreetmap.html), respectively. The imagery was classified using Random Forest (RF) Modeling to produce land cover maps with three main classifications - bare, vegetation, and shadows. An updated roads and trails map for the Upper Scotts Creek Watershed, including the BLM Recreational Area, was created to estimate road and trail densities in the watershed. Separate metadata records for each product (Land_Cover_Maps_Scotts_Creek_Watershed_CA_2018_2020_2022_metadata.xml, and Roads_and_Trails_Map_Upper_Scotts_Creek_Watershed_CA _2022_metadata.xml) are provided on the ScienceBase page for each child item. Users should be aware of the inherent errors in remote sensing products.

Surface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were collected in September of 2018 near Ollalie North springs in the upper McKenzie River watershed of west-central Oregon. ERT data were acquired along a single transect on the north bank of Ollalie Creek using a combination of inverse Schlumberger, dipole-dipole, and Wenner arrays. These data were collected to contribute high-resolution subsurface information about the geologic structure and distribution of groundwater near high-discharge springs in the Oregon High Cascades. This data release includes the raw resistivity data, inverted resistivity models, and locational information.