This data release consists of 5390 streamflow gages within the conterminous United States that will serve as version 1.0 of streamflow benchmark locations for hydrologic model evaluation and benchmarking.

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow in cubic meters per second at each of about eighteen thousand selected operational and water-quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective V2.0 National Water Model outputs. The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS project gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring, however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlus catchment outlet locations are used to identify model results. Relationships between NWIS gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up to date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as this dataset and provide data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. These data conform to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (Such as: https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/). More information on these data are available from the National Water Model v2 release notes here. https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/scn19-42natl_water_model.pdf. The contents of that pdf have been archived with this dataset.

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow in cubic meters per second at each of about eighteen thousand selected operational and water-quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective V2.0 National Water Model outputs. The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS project gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring, however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlus catchment outlet locations are used to identify model results. Relationships between NWIS gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up to date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as this dataset and provide data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. These data conform to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (Such as: https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/). More information on these data are available from the National Water Model v2 release notes here. https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/scn19-42natl_water_model.pdf. The contents of that pdf have been archived with this dataset.

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow in cubic meters per second at each of about eighteen thousand selected operational and water-quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective V2.1 National Water Model outputs (See NWM Retrospective source info). The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS project gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring, however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlusV2.1 catchment outlet locations (as contained in the National Water Model output files) are used to identify model results. Relationships between U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information Service gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up-to-date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as this dataset and provide data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. These data conform to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (such as: https://noaa-nwm-retrospective-2-1-pds.s3.amazonaws.com/index.html). More information on these data is available from the Office of Water Prediction National Water Model page here: https://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm. Additional release notes are available here: https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/pdf2/scn20-119nwm_v2_1aad.pdf. This pdf has been archived with this data release.

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow in cubic meters per second at each of about eighteen thousand selected operational and water-quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective V2.1 National Water Model outputs (See NWM Retrospective source info). The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS project gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring, however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlusV2.1 catchment outlet locations (as contained in the National Water Model output files) are used to identify model results. Relationships between U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information Service gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up-to-date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as this dataset and provide data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. These data conform to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (such as: https://noaa-nwm-retrospective-2-1-pds.s3.amazonaws.com/index.html). More information on these data is available from the Office of Water Prediction National Water Model page here: https://water.noaa.gov/about/nwm. Additional release notes are available here: https://www.weather.gov/media/notification/pdf2/scn20-119nwm_v2_1aad.pdf. This pdf has been archived with this data release.

This data release contains 29 streamflow statistics computed from modeled and observed daily streamflows from October 1, 1983, through September 30, 2016 at 1,114 streamgages in 19 study regions covering the conterminous United States. The streamflow statistics were computed at selected GAGES-II reference streamgages (Falcone, 2011) from daily streamflow observations (Russell and others, 2020), from daily streamflow time series computed using the National Hydrologic Model-Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (NHM-PRMS) model (“by headwater” and “by observation” calibrations with Muskingum routing; Hay and LaFontaine, 2020), from daily streamflow time series computed using five statistical time series models (Russell and others, 2020), and from three direct statistical prediction methods (Over and others, unpub. data, 2020). The data release comprises twelve .csv files. The streamflow statistics values are provided in eleven of these files, one each for the observed, the two NHM-PRMS calibrations, the five statistical time series models, and the three direct statistical prediction methods. The remaining file is a summary table, which provides period-of-record information for each streamgage. References cited: Falcone, J.A., 2011, GAGES-II: Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow [digital spatial dataset] : U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources NSDI Node web page, https://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?gagesII_Sept2011. Hay, L.E., and LaFontaine, J.H., 2020, Application of the National Hydrologic Model Infrastructure with the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (NHM-PRMS),1980-2016, Daymet Version 3 calibration: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9PGZE0S Russell, A.M., Over, T.M., and Farmer, W.H., 2020, Cross-validation results for five statistical methods of daily streamflow estimation at 1,385 reference streamgages in the conterminous United States, Water Years 1981-2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XT4WSP

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow at each about eighteen thousand selected operational and water quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective and operational V1.2 National Water Model outputs. The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS projects using gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlus catchment outlet locations are used to identify model results. Relationships between NWIS gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up to date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as are in this dataset and providing data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. The operational model run archives are available in .tar.gz archives that contain daily Forecast Model Run Collection files. These data conform as much as possible to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions and are designed to be aggregated along the reference-time dimension allowing creation of a complete collection of forecast model runs with the THREDDS data server. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (Such as: https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/) and the operational outputs were retrieved from an archive maintained at the NOAA National Water Center in Tuscaloosa, AL. Note that some data were missing from this archive, on 5-8-2018 for all operational outputs and 7-17-2017 for long range outputs. The operational model runs include analysis and assimilation, short range, medium range, and an ensemble of four long range model runs. More information on these data are available from the National Water Model v1.2 release notes here. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/scn18-16national_water_model.htm. The contents of that html page have been archived with this dataset. The retrospective model run is available from: https://docs.opendata.aws/noaa-nwm-pds/readme.html. The precise data included here should match that exactly but was sourced from NOAA-OWP systems at the National Water Center prior to availability of data from Amazon Public Datasets.

This dataset contains modeled hourly streamflow at each about eighteen thousand selected operational and water quality stream gage locations. It was assembled from publicly available retrospective and operational V1.2 National Water Model outputs. The streamflow variable was extracted from model output files and the data were reshaped to optimize read performance. The stream gage locations were derived from several ongoing USGS projects using gages for evaluation of streamflow, water quality, and real-time monitoring however only National Water Model identifiers and NHDPlus catchment outlet locations are used to identify model results. Relationships between NWIS gages and National Water Model prediction locations were not reviewed for release at the time of publication of this data. Please contact the author for up to date information. All processing resources used for data reformatting and extraction can be found in this repository: https://code.usgs.gov/water/nwm_subset. This supporting code also contains Docker images that are capable of processing real-time National Water Model outputs into similar formats as are in this dataset and providing data services via the THREDDS Data Server. The retrospective is available in one NetCDF file. The operational model run archives are available in .tar.gz archives that contain daily Forecast Model Run Collection files. These data conform as much as possible to the NetCDF-CF Discrete Sampling Geometry conventions and are designed to be aggregated along the reference-time dimension allowing creation of a complete collection of forecast model runs with the THREDDS data server. The retrospective data are available from public cloud data outlets (Such as: https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/) and the operational outputs were retrieved from an archive maintained at the NOAA National Water Center in Tuscaloosa, AL. Note that some data were missing from this archive, on 5-8-2018 for all operational outputs and 7-17-2017 for long range outputs. The operational model runs include analysis and assimilation, short range, medium range, and an ensemble of four long range model runs. More information on these data are available from the National Water Model v1.2 release notes here. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/os/notification/scn18-16national_water_model.htm. The contents of that html page have been archived with this dataset. The retrospective model run is available from: https://docs.opendata.aws/noaa-nwm-pds/readme.html. The precise data included here should match that exactly but was sourced from NOAA-OWP systems at the National Water Center prior to availability of data from Amazon Public Datasets.

This data release contains the standard statistical suite (version 1.0) daily streamflow performance benchmark results for the National Water Model Retrospective (v2.1) at streamflow benchmark locations defined by Foks and others (2022). Modeled hourly timesteps were converted to mean daily timesteps. Model error was determined by evaluating predicted daily mean streamflow versus observed daily mean streamflow using various statistics; the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), the logNSE, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the ratio of the standard deviation, the percent bias, the percent bias in flow duration curve midsegment slope, the percent bias in the flow duration curve high-segment volume, and the percent bias in flow duration curve low-segment volume. Two climatological KGE benchmarks are included that are calculated using daily mean streamflow observations and interannual daily mean or median flows. Additionally, KGE uncertainty estimates have been added as a separate csv file including the standard error of jackknife, standard error of bootstrap, the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the estimates, the jackknife score, the bias of jackknife, the bias of bootstrap, and the standard error of jackknife after bootstrap.

This data release contains the standard statistical suite (version 1.0) daily streamflow performance benchmark results for the National Water Model Retrospective (v2.1) at streamflow benchmark locations defined by Foks and others (2022). Modeled hourly timesteps were converted to mean daily timesteps. Model error was determined by evaluating predicted daily mean streamflow versus observed daily mean streamflow using various statistics; the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE), the logNSE, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Spearman correlation coefficient, the ratio of the standard deviation, the percent bias, the percent bias in flow duration curve midsegment slope, the percent bias in the flow duration curve high-segment volume, and the percent bias in flow duration curve low-segment volume. Two climatological KGE benchmarks are included that are calculated using daily mean streamflow observations and interannual daily mean or median flows. Additionally, KGE uncertainty estimates have been added as a separate csv file including the standard error of jackknife, standard error of bootstrap, the 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the estimates, the jackknife score, the bias of jackknife, the bias of bootstrap, and the standard error of jackknife after bootstrap.