Epidemiology data from beachgoers including demographic details. Results from saliva tests for markers of infection with waterborne pathogens. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: Contact Tim Wade (wade.tim@epa.gov) for details regarding data access. Format: Data are stored in SAS datasets and MS Excel files. Data are documented with codebooks in MS Word describing variables. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Wade, T., S. Griffin, A. Egorov, E. Sams, E. Hudgens, S. Augustine, S. Deflorio-Barker, T. Plunkett, A. Dufour, J. Styles, and K. Oshima. Application of a multiplex salivary immunoassay to detect sporadic incident norovirus infections. Scientific Reports. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 9(19576): 1, (2019).

This data set contains sociodemographic data on households and individuals who participated in the study, behavioral data (recreational water contacts during the index beach visit and prior to it), and symptoms data from a follow-up survey as well as data on salivary antibody responses to selected waterborne pathogens. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: EPA cannot release personally identifiable information regarding living individuals, according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). This dataset contains information about human research subjects. Because there is potential to identify individual participants and disclose personal information, either alone or in combination with other datasets, individual level data are not appropriate to post for public access. Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. It can be accessed through the following means: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due Personally Identifiable Information (PII) on study participants but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. EPA cannot publicly release PII regarding living individuals according to the Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Restricted access may be granted to authorized persons by contacting the party listed. Format: This study was conducted in one town. The study datasets includes personal identifiers of study participants, such as sex, age, and race, as well as behavioral (recreational water contacts) and gastrointestinal symptoms data, and data on antibody responses to waterborne pathogens. Demographic data can be used to identify study participants residing in the specific community. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Egorov, A., R. Converse, S. Griffin, R. Bonasso, L. Wickersham, E. Klein, J. Kobylanski, R. Ritter, J. Styles, H. Ward, E. Sams, E. Hudgens, A. Dufour, and T. Wade. Recreational water exposure and waterborne infections in a prospective salivary antibody study at a Lake Michigan beach. Scientific Reports. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 11: 20540, (2021).

1. Paragraph describing where to access the risk models and cryptosporidium data 2. Excel of norovirus data in ambient water. Citation information for this dataset can be found in the EDG's Metadata Reference Information section and Data.gov's References section.

A review of current literature on the occurrence of waterborne pathogens in DW systems. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: I am using published data from a journal not generated by EPA. It can be accessed through the following means: N/A. Format: no unique data has been generated. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Rochelle, P., P. Klonicki, G. DiGiovanni, V. Hill, Y. Akagi, and E. Villegas. Conference Report: The 6th International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens ISWP 2015. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 107(10): 24-32, (2015).

A review of current literature on the occurrence of waterborne pathogens in DW systems. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: I am using published data from a journal not generated by EPA. It can be accessed through the following means: N/A. Format: no unique data has been generated. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Rochelle, P., P. Klonicki, G. DiGiovanni, V. Hill, Y. Akagi, and E. Villegas. Conference Report: The 6th International Symposium on Waterborne Pathogens ISWP 2015. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION. American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, USA, 107(10): 24-32, (2015).

CDC data on waterborne disease outbreak response. This dataset is not publicly accessible because: Data is property of CDC. It can be accessed through the following means: Contact corresponding author (Mia Mattioli, CDC). Format: CDC waterborne disease outbreak response data. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Mattioli, M.C., K.M. Benedict, J. Murphy, A. Kahler, K.E. Kline, A. Longenberger, P.K. Mitchell, S. Watkins, P. Berger, O. Shanks, C.E. Barrett, L. Barclay, A.J. Hall, V. Hill, and A. Weltman. Identifying septic pollution exposure routes during a waterborne norovirus outbreak - A new application for human-associated microbial source tracking qPCR. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 180: 106091, (2021).

Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Varughese, E., N. Brinkman, E. Anneken, J. Cashdollar, S. Fout, E. Furlong, D. Kolpin, S. Glassmeyer, and S. Keely. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 619620: 1330-1339, (2018).

Drinking water treatment plants rely on purification of contaminated source waters to provide communities with potable water. One group of possible contaminants are enteric viruses. Measurement of viral quantities in environmental water systems are often performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, true values may be underestimated due to challenges involved in a multi-step viral concentration process and due to PCR inhibition. In this study, water samples were concentrated from 25 drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) across the US to study the occurrence of enteric viruses in source water and removal after treatment. The five different types of viruses studied were adenovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII, enterovirus, and polyomavirus. Quantitative PCR was performed on all samples to determine presence or absence of these viruses in each sample. Ten DWTPs showed presence of one or more viruses in source water, with four DWTPs having treated drinking water testing positive. Furthermore, PCR inhibition was assessed for each sample using an exogenous amplification control, which indicated that all of the DWTP samples, including source and treated water samples, had some level of inhibition, confirming that inhibition plays an important role in PCR-based assessments of environmental samples. PCR inhibition measurements, viral recovery, and other assessments were incorporated into a Bayesian model to more accurately determine viral load in both source and treated water. Results of the Bayesian model indicated that viruses are present in source water and treated water. By using a Bayesian framework that incorporates inhibition, as well as many other parameters that affect viral detection, this study offers an approach for more accurately estimating the occurrence of viral pathogens in environmental waters. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Varughese, E., N. Brinkman, E. Anneken, J. Cashdollar, S. Fout, E. Furlong, D. Kolpin, S. Glassmeyer, and S. Keely. Estimating virus occurrence using Bayesian modeling in multiple drinking water systems of the United States. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 619620: 1330-1339, (2018).

This data set contains raw data from 12 international groundwater studies that monitored for human viruses and microbial indicators. Please see the first worksheet for identification of the studies used. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Fout, S., M. Karim, and M. Borchardt. Human virus and microbial indicator occurrence in public-supply groundwater systems: meta-analysis of international studies. Hydrogeology Journal. Springer, Heidelburg, GERMANY, 25(0): 903-919, (2017).