In 2009, to increase the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory’s (HVO) microgravity monitoring capabilities, HVO acquired two Scintrex CG-5 Autograv gravity meters (serial numbers 90940579 and 90940578). Since 2009, these two relative gravimeters have been used to conduct campaign microgravity surveys at a network of 33 to 55 benchmarks across the summit region of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i (USA); the Kīlauea Campaign Gravity Network (KCGN). This data release comprises raw (as recorded by the gravimeters) and processed gravity data from campaign microgravity surveys of the KCGN between 2009-2017 using HVO’s Scintrex CG-5 relative gravimeters.

This data set includes gravity measurements for the Island of Hawai`i collected as the source data for "Deep magmatic structures of Hawaiian volcanoes, imaged by three-dimensional gravity models" (Kauahikaua, Hildenbrand, and Webring, 2000). Data for 3,611 observations are stored as a single table and disseminated in .CSV format. Each observation record includes values for field station ID, latitude and longitude (in both Old Hawaiian and WGS84 projections), elevation, and Observed Gravity value. See associated publication for reduction and interpretation of these data.

Tiltmeter data from Kīlauea stations (ESC, IKI, JKA, KAE, POC, SDH, SMC, UWE) from January 1 to December 31, 2023. These data were collected in 2023 by Andria P. Ellis of the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.

Data collected by 11 borehole tiltmeters operated by the U.S. Geological Survey on Kīlauea Volcano, on the Island of Hawai'i. Data was collected between 30 April, 2018 and 5 August, 2018. Among the features captured by this data set are: the collapse of Puʻuʻōʻō on 30 April, 2018, the migration of magma down the East Rift Zone from 30 April to 3 May, 2018, the M6.9 earthquake on 4 May, 2018, and the deflation and collapse of the shallow magma chamber at Kīlauea from early May until 5 August, 2018.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

Following the 2018 collapses of the caldera floor at the summit of Kilauea Volcano (Anderson and others, 2019; Neal and others, 2019), the enlarged and deepened depression hosted a variety of volcanic activity between 2019 and 2022. These included an unprecedented water lake and two prolonged episodes of lava lake activity. This data release includes images from a stationary thermal camera poised on the western caldera rim, which provided a continuous record of the summit changes over this period. The thermal images provide an excellent observational record of the activity owing to the ability to see through thick volcanic fume, and the clarity with which they highlight active portions of the lava lake (Patrick and others, 2014). These thermal camera images cover three phases of activity at the summit of Kilauea. First, a water lake was present deep in Halema`uma`u crater from July 2019 to December 2020 (Nadeau and others, 2020). Second, a rising lava lake filled the bottom of Halema`uma`u from December 2020 to May 2021. Third, a second lava lake filled more of Halema`uma`u from September 2021 into early 2022 (through the end of this data release period in January 2022). References Anderson, K.R., Johanson, I.A., Patrick, M.R., Gu, M., Segall, P., Poland, M.P., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., and Miklius, A., 2019, Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aaz1822 Nadeau, P.A., Diefenbach, A.K., Hurwitz, S., and Swanson, D.A., 2020, From lava to water: A new era at Kīlauea: Eos, 101, doi:10.1029/2020EO149557 Neal, C.A., Brantley, S.R., Antolik, L., Babb, J., Burgess, M., Calles, K., Cappos, M., Chang, J.C., Conway, S., Desmither, L., Dotray, P., Elias, T., Fukunaga, P., Fuke, S., Johanson, I.A., Kamibayashi, K., Kauahikaua, J., Lee, R.L., Pekalib, S., Miklius, A., Million, W., Moniz, C.J., Nadeau, P.A., Okubo, P., Parcheta, C., Patrick, M.R., Shiro, B,, Swanson, D.A., Tollett, W., Trusdell, F., Younger, E.F., Zoeller, M.H., Montgomery-Brown, E.K., Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Ball, J., Bard, J., Coombs, M., Dietterich, H.R., Kern, C., Thelen, W.A., Cervelli, P.F., Orr, T., Houghton, B.F., Gansecki, C., Hazlett, R., Lundgren, P., Diefenbach, A.K., Lerner, A.H., Waite, G., Kelly, P., Clor, L., Werner, C., Mulliken, K., and Fisher, G., 2018, The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano: Science, doi:10.1126/science.aav7046. Patrick, M., Orr, T., Antolik, L., Lee, L., and Kamibayashi, K., 2014, Continuous monitoring of Hawaiian volcanoes with thermal cameras: Journal of Applied Volcanology, v. 3, no. 1, doi:10.1186/2191-5040-3-1 Patrick, M.R., Swanson, D.A., Zoeller, M.H., Mulliken, K.M., Parcheta, C.E., Lynn, K.J., Downs, D.T., and Flinders, A.F., 2021, Water-level data for the crater lake at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2019–2020: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9262JDH.

The 2018 eruption of Kilauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai'i saw the collapse of a new, nested caldera at the volcano's summit, and the inundation of 35.5 square kilometers (13.7 square miles) of the lower Puna District with lava. Between May and August, while the summit caldera collapsed, a lava channel extended 11 kilometers (7 miles) from fissure 8 in Leilani Estates to Kapoho Bay, where it formed an approximately 3.5-square-kilometer (1.4-square-mile) lava delta along the coastline. Rapidly-deployed remote sensing techniques were vital in monitoring these events. Following the eruption, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) contracted the acquisition of rigorous airborne lidar surveys of Kilauea Volcano's summit, middle East Rift Zone, and lower East Rift Zone, also including the entire Pu'u 'O'o lava flow field that was active from 1983 through early 2018. The surveys covered 567 square kilometers (219 square miles) at 30-100 points per square meter, for a total of 53 billion points. Only 16 percent of these points (an average of 4 points per square meter) were classified as ground due to extremely dense vegetation over much of the area. The USGS used 2,570 point cloud files classified by Quantum Spatial to generate a single digital elevation model (DEM) of the ground surface, including beneath-forest cover (that is, 'bare earth'). This USGS data release contains digital elevation data as a 1-meter resolution raster dataset (.tif file). The DEM can support a variety of earth science, civil engineering, and land use investigations.