The goal of this project was to produce estimates of the change in three ecosystem services - water yield, sediment runoff, and reef productivity (or seafood benefits) - under climate change and three newly developed land cover scenarios. The developed land cover scenarios expanded upon the Hawaii Carbon Assessment by simulating future land cover scenarios. The resulting scenarios used measures of invasive species spread and fire-driven forest loss to compare baseline conditions of current ecosystem protection (Protection) with “No Protection”, and “Protection and Restoration” for years 2070-2100. Using the land cover scenarios as an input to the ecosystem services models the results for water yield and sediment yield benefits are provided as the difference between worse case scenario and protection scenarios, each as a raster of per pixel change and the reef productivity, or estimated fish catch per ha, is provided as a shapefile summarized by Moku (Hawaiian Land Division), only for the difference between Targeted Protection and No Protection.

Tabular data output from a series of modeling simulations for the seven main Hawaiian Islands. We used the LUCAS model to project changes in ecosystem carbon balance resulting from land use, land use change, climate change, and wildfire. The model was run at a 250-m spatial resolution on an annual timestep from the years 2010 to 2100. We simulated four unique scenarios, consisting of all combinations of two land-use scenarios and two radiative forcing scenarios. For each scenario, we ran 30 Monte Carlo realizations of the model. Results presented here have been aggregated from the individual cell level and summarized by island or vegetation class. Model input data and the R code used to generate it, as well as R code used to summarize and analyze model output data, can be found in the HI_Model GitHub repository (https://github.com/selmants/HI_Model).

While there have been many maps produced that depict vegetation for the state of Hawai‘i only a few of these display land cover for all of the main Hawaiian Islands, and most of those that were created before the year 2000 have very generalized units or are somewhat inaccurate as a result of more recent land use changes or due to poor resolution (both spatial and spectral) in the imagery that was used to produce the map. Some of the more detailed and accurate maps include the Hawai‘i GAP Analysis (HI-GAP) Land Cover map (Gon et al. 2006), the NOAA C-CAP Land Cover map (NOAA National Ocean Service Coastal Services Center 2012), and the more recently released Hawai‘i LANDFIRE EVT Land Cover map (U.S. Geological Survey 2009). However, all of these maps as originally produced were not considered to be detailed enough, current enough, or had other classification issues that would not allow them to be used as the primary base for the Hawai‘i Carbon Assessment. For the Hawai‘i Carbon Assessment we integrated components from several of these previously mentioned land cover and land use mapping efforts and combined them into a single new land cover map (CAH Land Cover) that was further updated using very-high-resolution imagery. The hierarchical classification system of the CAH Land Cover map allows for grouping the mapped units into different configurations, ranging from very detailed plant communities reflecting current conditions to very generalized major land cover units and biomes that represent land use and potential vegetation zones, respectively. The CAH Land Cover classification is hierarchical with forty-eight CAH Detailed Land Cover units which can be grouped into twenty-seven CAH General Land Cover units, thirteen CAH Biome units, and seven CAH Major Land Cover units (Appendix 1). The CAH Detailed Land Cover units generally correspond to the rUSNVC Association level, the CAH General Land Cover units are related to the rUSNVC Group level, and the CAH Biome units connect to the rUSNVC Subclass level.

These two raster data layers depict the land cover and degree of human disturbance to plant communities on the seven main Hawaiian Islands, and were developed as part of a comprehensive assessment of carbon sequestration potential by natural ecosystems in the State of Hawaii

This data set consists of ground control polygons used for model training and evaluation (ground_control_polygons.gpkg): This dataset consists of refined vegetation polygons digitized across the island of Lāna‘i representing the 15 land cover classes of interest. High-resolution aerial imagery and extensive field experience were used to iteratively collect and improve the polygons through expert review and interpretation. The polygons were divided into a 250m grid overlaying the island to balance sample size and spatial resolution while reducing spatial autocorrelation, resulting in 1,754 smaller polygons. These polygon data served as the primary dataset used to train, validate, and evaluate the classification models through cross-validation. An iterative collection process aimed to achieve satisfactory model accuracy across all classes prior to final model selection and island-wide mapping.

LANDFIRE's (LF) 2022 update (LF 2022) Existing Vegetation Cover (EVC) represents the vertically projected percent cover of the live canopy for a 30-m cell. EVC is produced separately for tree, shrub, and herbaceous lifeforms. Training data depicting percentages of canopy cover are obtained from plot-level ground-based visual assessments and lidar observations. These are combined with Landsat imagery (from multiple seasons), to inform models built independently for each lifeform. Tree, shrub, and herbaceous lifeforms each have a potential range from 10% to 100% (cover values less than 10% are binned into the 10% value). The three independent lifeform datasets are merged into a single product based on the dominant lifeform of each pixel. The EVC product is then reconciled through QA/QC measures to ensure lifeform is synchronized with Existing Vegetation Height (EVH). Urban and developed areas are derived from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), and the latest available Microsoft Building Footprint dataset. Agricultural lands originate from the 2022 Cropland Data Layer (CDL) and the 2019 California Statewide Crop Mapping layer. Disturbance events after 2016 are accounted for by incorporating transition rulesets using LF 2022 Fuel Disturbance (FDist). LF uses EVC as an input for LF 2022 Fuel Vegetation Cover (FVC).

The goal of this project was to produce estimates of the change in three ecosystem services - water yield, sediment runoff, and reef productivity (or seafood benefits) - under climate change and three different land cover scenarios. The land cover scenarios used measures of invasive species spread and fire-driven forest loss to compare baseline conditions of current ecosystem protection (Protection) with “No Protection”, and “Protection and Restoration”. Water yield and sediment yield benefits are provided as the difference between worse case scenario and protection scenarios, each as rasters of per pixel change. The reef productivity, or estimated fish catch per ha, is provided as a shapefile summarized by Moku (Hawaiian Land Division), only for the difference between Targeted Protection and No Protection.

This layer depicts the status, or degree of disturbance, to plant communities on the main Hawaiian Islands. Several layers were uset to create this version (v 3.4). The original HabQual layer was developed by Jon Price and Jim Jacobi based on the mapped land cover units from the Hawaii GAP analysis program (Gon et al. 2006). This map was revised by combining data on land use and the “Bare” category from the NOAA C-CAP 2005 map (NOAA National Ocean Service Coastal Services Center 2012), and adding road corridors to the heavily disturbed category based on the Tiger Roads layer (United States Census Bureau 2014). Additionally, corrections were made to this version of the map by visually inspecting previously mapped units and comparing them to recent high-resolution imagery including WorldView 2 multi-spectral imagery and to very-high resolution RGB imagery obtained from Pictometry Online (Pictometery International 2014). Changes were made to the map using the program GRID Editor developed by ARIS B.V. (2014) by Jim Jacobi. Latest edits made in September 2014.The starting raster "Habqual" was developed by Jim Jacobi, USGS PIERC. The bare earth category came from NOAA's CCAP dataset and was used to overwrite the original Habqual dataset for categories 2 & 3 (native and mixed). If Habqual was already distrubed (category = 1), then it was NEVER overwritten as bare earth; instead it remained classified as disturbed. Lastly, the TIGER roads layer was buffered and converted into a raster of category 1 (distrubed). The roads raster was then mosaic'ed on top of Habqual to expand the distrubed class to include roads & adjacent disturbed areas.This layer has four mapped values: 1 = heavily disturbed areas including agriculture and urban developments; 2 = mixed native-alien dominated plant communities; 3 = native dominated vegetation; and 4 = bare lands or <5% plant cover.ReferencesARIS B.V. 2014, GRID Editor for ArcMap. ARIS B.V., Netherlands. http://www.aris.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=211Gon, S. M., III, A. Allison, R. J. Cannarella, J. D. Jacobi, K. Y. Kaneshiro, M. H. Kido, M. Lane-Kamahele, and S. E. Miller. 2006. The Hawai‘i GAP Analysis Final Report. Report, U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 162 p plus tables, figures, maps, and appendices.NOAA National Ocean Service Coastal Services Center. 2012. C-CAP Hawaii 2005 Land Cover Map. NOAA's Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center, Charleston, SC USA. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/ccapregional. Pictometery International. 2014, Pictometry Online. Pictometry International Corp., Rochester NY. http://www.pictometry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=93United States Census Bureau. 2014, TIGER/Line Shapefiles and TIGER/Line Files. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-line.html

This layer depicts the status, or degree of disturbance, to plant communities on the main Hawaiian Islands. Several layers were uset to create this version (v 3.4). The original HabQual layer was developed by Jon Price and Jim Jacobi based on the mapped land cover units from the Hawaii GAP analysis program (Gon et al. 2006). This map was revised by combining data on land use and the “Bare” category from the NOAA C-CAP 2005 map (NOAA National Ocean Service Coastal Services Center 2012), and adding road corridors to the heavily disturbed category based on the Tiger Roads layer (United States Census Bureau 2014). Additionally, corrections were made to this version of the map by visually inspecting previously mapped units and comparing them to recent high-resolution imagery including WorldView 2 multi-spectral imagery and to very-high resolution RGB imagery obtained from Pictometry Online (Pictometery International 2014). Changes were made to the map using the program GRID Editor developed by ARIS B.V. (2014) by Jim Jacobi. Latest edits made in September 2014.The starting raster "Habqual" was developed by Jim Jacobi, USGS PIERC. The bare earth category came from NOAA's CCAP dataset and was used to overwrite the original Habqual dataset for categories 2 & 3 (native and mixed). If Habqual was already distrubed (category = 1), then it was NEVER overwritten as bare earth; instead it remained classified as disturbed. Lastly, the TIGER roads layer was buffered and converted into a raster of category 1 (distrubed). The roads raster was then mosaic'ed on top of Habqual to expand the distrubed class to include roads & adjacent disturbed areas.This layer has four mapped values: 1 = heavily disturbed areas including agriculture and urban developments; 2 = mixed native-alien dominated plant communities; 3 = native dominated vegetation; and 4 = bare lands or <5% plant cover.ReferencesARIS B.V. 2014, GRID Editor for ArcMap. ARIS B.V., Netherlands. http://www.aris.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=211Gon, S. M., III, A. Allison, R. J. Cannarella, J. D. Jacobi, K. Y. Kaneshiro, M. H. Kido, M. Lane-Kamahele, and S. E. Miller. 2006. The Hawai‘i GAP Analysis Final Report. Report, U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 162 p plus tables, figures, maps, and appendices.NOAA National Ocean Service Coastal Services Center. 2012. C-CAP Hawaii 2005 Land Cover Map. NOAA's Ocean Service, Coastal Services Center, Charleston, SC USA. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/ccapregional. Pictometery International. 2014, Pictometry Online. Pictometry International Corp., Rochester NY. http://www.pictometry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=84&Itemid=93United States Census Bureau. 2014, TIGER/Line Shapefiles and TIGER/Line Files. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-line.html

This data release comprises a collection of high-resolution environmental raster data for the Hawaiian Islands, developed to support conservation planning and ecological research. The collection includes both 30-meter and 10-meter resolution GeoTIFFs with topographical variables (elevation, aspect, slope, hillshade, and geomorphon landform classification), as well as complementary ecological variables (vegetation height, habitat quality, and mean annual temperature and rainfall). All rasters have been processed to share consistent resolution, extent, and projection (WGS84), making them readily integrated into spatial analyses and tool development. The primary source data for the topographical variables was the USGS National Map. The dataset provides standardized environmental layers that can be used to identify suitable microhabitats for species conservation, restoration site selection, and ecological modeling across the Hawaiian archipelago. This data release is divided into 3 files: -a 10m resolution GeoTIFF raster stack containing multiple topographical variables for the Hawaiian Islands (elevation, aspect, slope, hillshade, and geomorphon landform classification). -a 30m resolution GeoTIFF raster stack containing multiple topographical variables for the Hawaiian Islands (elevation, aspect, slope, hillshade, and geomorphon landform classification). -a 30m resolution GeoTIFF raster stack containing multiple ecological/climatic variables that describe natural habitats across the Hawaiian Islands (vegetation height, habitat quality, mean annual temperature and rainfall).