These data were extracted from published literature reporting lead (Pb) concentrations in multiple environmental media (soil, dust, air, water, and food) in the United States from 1996-2016. These data were used in research synthesis efforts. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Frank, J., A. Poulakos, R. Tornero-Velez, and J. Xue. Systematic review and meta-analyses of lead (Pb) concentrations in environmental media (soil, dust, water, food, and air) reported in the United States from 1996 to 2016. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT. Elsevier BV, AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, 694: 133489, (2019).

Lead is a neurotoxin commonly found in our daily lives. While lead has been eliminated from gasoline, household paint, and solder, you can still be exposed to lead from many different sources including dust containing lead from pre-1978 lead paint, paint chips, contaminated soils, water, ceramic plates, bowls, and glasses, and imported candy, toys, cosmetics, and jewelry Lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has indicated that no safe blood lead level in children has been identified. Even low levels of lead in blood have been shown to affect IQ, ability to pay attention, academic achievement, and other behavioral issues. As of January 1, 2018, Allegheny County requires every child under age six to be tested for lead exposure. The first of two tests will be conducted when a child is approximately 9-12 months old, and the second test will take place around the child’s second birthday. According to the Allegheny County Health Department, 53% of County children born in 2016 were tested for lead between the ages of nine to 12 months. This share has risen from 30% of County children born in 2009. Children are initially tested with a capillary, or “finger prick” blood test. If an elevated level of lead is found, a venous blood test will be administered to confirm the result. For more information on the testing methods, please see the Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Exposure in Allegheny County report, released in September, 2018. The Allegheny County Health Department currently treats confirmed blood lead level tests with 5 µg/dL or more of lead as elevated. This measurement is based on the CDC’s reference level for public health action, established in May 2012. If a child under age 6 tests with a confirmed blood lead level of 5 µg/dl and above, ACHD offers a free home inspection. The goal of this inspection, along with XRF readings, sampling of dust, soil, and water, is to help identify any sources of lead exposure in the home. The inspection includes identifying possible alternative sources of lead exposure from jewelry, toys, cosmetics, parent occupations and/or hobbies. Inspectors also educate the family about how good nutrition can mitigate absorption of lead and immediate steps the family can take to reduce lead exposure in the home. ACHD also offers free lead testing for the uninsured or underinsured at its Immunization clinic, and at WIC offices in McKeesport and Wilkinsburg. The Allegheny Lead Safe Homes Program currently provides free home repairs to keep families safe from lead paint. This program will test for lead-based paint in the home and will aid with repairs and prevention education to Allegheny County homeowners or renters who meet income requirements and whose home is built before 1978. All work is done in a lead-safe manner. Eligible residents must either have a child under 6 years or a pregnant woman in the household. For additional information about how to use this data accurately and responsibly, please refer to the County's [data guide](https://data.wprdc.org/dataset/26a17866-0b8b-4eb6-bc0c-6ebcfdd19741/resource/a8f69277-6328-4421-a508-8b2100d753e3/download/wprdc-lead-data-guide.pdf) Information appearing in this description was drawn from the following sources: Lead Exposure in Allegheny County (September 2018 [pdf report](https://alleghenycounty.us/uploadedFiles/Allegheny_Home/Health_Department/Programs/Special_Initiatives/Lead/Lead-paper-9-6-final.pdf)) Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Exposure Prevention ([Website](https://alleghenycounty.us/Health-Department/Programs/Special-Initiatives/Lead/Lead-Exposure-Prevention.aspx)) Allegheny County Health Department’s Lead Testing ([Website]( https://alleghenycounty.us/Health-Department/Programs/Special-Initiatives/Lead/Testing.aspx)) Data about lead in Allegheny County ([Website](

Underlying modeling outputs used to generate Figures in the manuscript and supplemental figures. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Stanek, L., J. Xue, C. Lay, E. Helm, T. Speth, D. Lytle, M. Schock, and V. Zartarian. Modeled Impacts of Drinking Water Lead Reduction Scenarios on Children’s Exposures and Blood Lead Levels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 54(15): 9474-9482, (2020).

The files in the dataset include tables of Pb bioavailability data from mice studies, of Pb x-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy data, and of Pb speciation results of diets and excreted Pb. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Karna, R.R., M.P. Noerpel, C. Nelson, B. Elek, K. Herbin-Davis, G. Diamond , K. Bradham, D.J. Thomas, and K.G. Scheckel. Bioavailable soil Pb minimized by in situ transformation to plumbojarosite. PNAS (PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES). National Academy of Sciences, WASHINGTON, DC, USA, 118(3): 01-06, (2021).

Table 3 shows the distribution of lead speciation results for soil samples along with fitting error (R factor) Data for Figure S2 contains the sample spectra and linear combination fitting (LCF) data used to determine results in Table 3. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kastury, F., R.R. Karna, K.G. Scheckel, and A.L. Juhasz. Correlation between lead speciation and inhalation bioaccessibility using two different simulated lung fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 263 part B: 114609, (2020).

Table 3 shows the distribution of lead speciation results for soil samples along with fitting error (R factor) Data for Figure S2 contains the sample spectra and linear combination fitting (LCF) data used to determine results in Table 3. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kastury, F., R.R. Karna, K.G. Scheckel, and A.L. Juhasz. Correlation between lead speciation and inhalation bioaccessibility using two different simulated lung fluids. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 263 part B: 114609, (2020).

The dataset shows the distribution of lead phases (as weighted percentages) within a soil sample from Port Pirie (South Australia) determined from linear combination fitting of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, along with LCF statistical error. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kastury, F., E. Smith, E. Lombi, M.W. Donnelley, P.L. Cmielewski, D.W. Parsons, M. Noerpel, K.G. Scheckel, A.M. Kingston, G.R. Myers, D. Paterson, M.D. de Jonge, and A.L. Juhasz. Dynamics of Lead Bioavailability and Speciation in Indoor Dust and X-ray Spectroscopic Investigation of the Link between Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 53(19): 11486-11495, (2019).

The dataset shows the distribution of lead phases (as weighted percentages) within a soil sample from Port Pirie (South Australia) determined from linear combination fitting of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data, along with LCF statistical error. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Kastury, F., E. Smith, E. Lombi, M.W. Donnelley, P.L. Cmielewski, D.W. Parsons, M. Noerpel, K.G. Scheckel, A.M. Kingston, G.R. Myers, D. Paterson, M.D. de Jonge, and A.L. Juhasz. Dynamics of Lead Bioavailability and Speciation in Indoor Dust and X-ray Spectroscopic Investigation of the Link between Ingestion and Inhalation Pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA, 53(19): 11486-11495, (2019).

This dataset consists of the data used to create the tables and figures for this paper. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Baxter, L., K. Dionisio, P. Pradeep, K. Rappazzo, and L. Neas. Human exposure factors as potential determinants of the heterogeneity in city-specific associations between PM2.5 and mortality. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Nature Publishing Group, London, UK, 29(4): 557-567, (2019).