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Field observations of landslides and related materials following Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico
During September 2017, Hurricane Maria caused widespread landsliding throughout mountainous regions of Puerto Rico, with more than 71,000 landslides being subsequently identified from aerial imagery (Hughes et al., 2019). Most landslides apparently mobilized as debris flows and occurred within soil (unconsolidated material overlying saprolite and bedrock) and saprolite overlying less-weathered rock (e.g., Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019a). To better understand the characteristics of Maria-triggered landslides, debris flows, and materials in which landslides occurred, we performed reconnaissance-level studies of 118 landslides, 46 soil exposures generally within landslide scars, 24 saprolite exposures, and 37 rock exposures. Results from these studies are provided herein. Landslides studied were mostly selected from aerial imagery collected between 9-15 October 2017 (Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017), with emphasis placed on four study areas where landslides were particularly numerous, and which were previously studied (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019b) using aerial imagery and lidar data. However, we also selected landslides for field study that were spread across the mountainous parts of the main island of Puerto Rico, and which occurred in geological formations in which Maria-induced landslides were numerous. Finally, we selected landslides for field study that were relatively easily accessible from roads, although we attempted to mostly evaluate landslides that did not have clear association with roadway construction or drainage. However, a previous study found that landslides in Puerto Rico are approximately five times more likely near roads compared to away from roads (Larsen and Parks, 1997). Field studies were performed sporadically between June 2018 and March 2022. Data provided with this release are in the form of a file geodatabase developed using ESRI ArcGIS and which comprises four point feature classes; Soil_Descriptions, Saprolite_Descriptions, Rock_Descriptions, and Source_Areas, with the latter describing locations from which landslides initiated. Measurements of landslide location and dimensions were made in the field using tape measures, laser rangefinders, hand levels, clinometers, pocket transits, geological compasses, and positioning systems on mobile devices (that is, cellular telephones, tablets) that utilize GPS techniques and distance from cellular antennas. Unconfined compressive strength and undrained shear strength under field conditions were approximated for some materials using hand penetrometers and hand vane-shear devices, respectively, with values provided in Consistency/Compactness (unconfined compressive strength) and Notes (undrained shear strength) fields. Soil and saprolite colors were visually estimated using Munsell color charts. Data were collected in the field on mobile devices running ESRI ArcGIS Collector software and subsequently compiled using ArcGIS desktop software. Photographs were collected of many (but not all) features, and these are provided also in the geodatabase. The following paragraphs describe the attributes of each of the four point feature classes. Additional information is provided in the accompanying metadata file. Soil_Descriptions OBJECTID – Unique number assigned by software to identify each point observation. Shape – Type of feature, in all cases “point.” Soil Type – Visually and manually estimated primary soil type modified by soil types present in lesser amounts, with soil types generally of “clay,” “silt,” “sand,” and “gravel.” “Clay” consists of particles 0.002 mm diameter and finer, “silt” consists of particles 0.002 mm - 0.075 mm diameter, “sand” consists of particles 0.075 mm - 4.75 mm diameter, and “gravel” consists of particles 4.75 mm - 75 mm diameter. Secondary soil type may modify primary type (for example, “silty clay”) if more than 30% of the secondary type is present. Non-primary soil type content also may be described as “trace” if 1% - 10% is present,
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Field observations of landslides and related materials following Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico
공공데이터포털
During September 2017, Hurricane Maria caused widespread landsliding throughout mountainous regions of Puerto Rico, with more than 71,000 landslides being subsequently identified from aerial imagery (Hughes et al., 2019). Most landslides apparently mobilized as debris flows and occurred within soil (unconsolidated material overlying saprolite and bedrock) and saprolite overlying less-weathered rock (e.g., Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019a). To better understand the characteristics of Maria-triggered landslides, debris flows, and materials in which landslides occurred, we performed reconnaissance-level studies of 118 landslides, 46 soil exposures generally within landslide scars, 24 saprolite exposures, and 37 rock exposures. Results from these studies are provided herein. Landslides studied were mostly selected from aerial imagery collected between 9-15 October 2017 (Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017), with emphasis placed on four study areas where landslides were particularly numerous, and which were previously studied (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019b) using aerial imagery and lidar data. However, we also selected landslides for field study that were spread across the mountainous parts of the main island of Puerto Rico, and which occurred in geological formations in which Maria-induced landslides were numerous. Finally, we selected landslides for field study that were relatively easily accessible from roads, although we attempted to mostly evaluate landslides that did not have clear association with roadway construction or drainage. However, a previous study found that landslides in Puerto Rico are approximately five times more likely near roads compared to away from roads (Larsen and Parks, 1997). Field studies were performed sporadically between June 2018 and March 2022. Data provided with this release are in the form of a file geodatabase developed using ESRI ArcGIS and which comprises four point feature classes; Soil_Descriptions, Saprolite_Descriptions, Rock_Descriptions, and Source_Areas, with the latter describing locations from which landslides initiated. Measurements of landslide location and dimensions were made in the field using tape measures, laser rangefinders, hand levels, clinometers, pocket transits, geological compasses, and positioning systems on mobile devices (that is, cellular telephones, tablets) that utilize GPS techniques and distance from cellular antennas. Unconfined compressive strength and undrained shear strength under field conditions were approximated for some materials using hand penetrometers and hand vane-shear devices, respectively, with values provided in Consistency/Compactness (unconfined compressive strength) and Notes (undrained shear strength) fields. Soil and saprolite colors were visually estimated using Munsell color charts. Data were collected in the field on mobile devices running ESRI ArcGIS Collector software and subsequently compiled using ArcGIS desktop software. Photographs were collected of many (but not all) features, and these are provided also in the geodatabase. The following paragraphs describe the attributes of each of the four point feature classes. Additional information is provided in the accompanying metadata file. Soil_Descriptions OBJECTID – Unique number assigned by software to identify each point observation. Shape – Type of feature, in all cases “point.” Soil Type – Visually and manually estimated primary soil type modified by soil types present in lesser amounts, with soil types generally of “clay,” “silt,” “sand,” and “gravel.” “Clay” consists of particles 0.002 mm diameter and finer, “silt” consists of particles 0.002 mm - 0.075 mm diameter, “sand” consists of particles 0.075 mm - 4.75 mm diameter, and “gravel” consists of particles 4.75 mm - 75 mm diameter. Secondary soil type may modify primary type (for example, “silty clay”) if more than 30% of the secondary type is present. Non-primary soil type content also may be described as “trace” if 1% - 10% is present,
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in four study areas of Puerto Rico
공공데이터포털
In September 2017, Hurricane Maria caused widespread landsliding throughout mountainous regions of Puerto Rico. Nearly all landslides mobilized as debris flows (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019), but herein, we simply use the term “landslides” when describing all types of slope failures that occurred during Hurricane Maria. To examine the extent and physical characteristics of landslides in severely impacted areas (defined as having high landslide density (>25 landslides/km2) by Bessette-Kirton et al., 2017, 2019), we mapped individual landslides at scales between 1:600 and 1:1,000 in four 2.5 km2 study areas in the Mayagüez/Añasco/Las Marías (LAM1), Las Marías/Lares (LAM2), Naranjito (NAR), and Utuado (UTU) municipalities. We used aerial imagery collected between 9-15 October 2017 (Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017) to map landslide source and runout areas. In addition to imagery, we used 1 m-resolution pre-event LiDAR (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018) as a digital base map for our mapping. The map data consist of landslide polygons, headscarp points, and travel distance lines. Each landslide polygon includes the total affected area (LSArea) and the number of mapped headscarp points (HeadscarpPoints). Each headscarp point contains attributes for the elevation measured at the distal end of the associated travel distance line (MinElev), the elevation at the headscarp point (MaxElev), slope at the headscarp point (Slope), aspect at the headscarp point (Aspect), the length of the associated maximum travel distance line (MaxTravelDist), and the ratio of total fall height (H: MaxElev-MinElev) to maximum travel distance (L: MaxTravelDist). Each travel distance line includes the length of the line (MaxTravelDist). Areas containing a combination of landslide and flood deposits were mapped as landslide/flood deposits (LSFlood). The data also include study area boundaries (AOIs). The data are provided as ArcGIS point, line, and polygon feature class files, all of which are contained within a file geodatabase (PRMariaLandslides.gdb). References: Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Cerovski-Darriau, C., Schulz, W.H., Coe, J.A., Kean, J.W., Godt, J.W, Thomas, M.A., and Hughes, K. Stephen, 2019, Landslides Triggered by Hurricane Maria: Assessment of an Extreme Event in Puerto Rico: GSA Today, v. 29, doi:10.1130/GSATG383A.1 Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Coe, J.A., Godt, J.W., Kean, J.W., Rengers, F.K., Schulz, W.H., Baum, R.L., Jones, E.S., and Staley, D.M., 2017, Map data showing concentration of landslides caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JD4VRF. Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017, FEMA PR Imagery: https://s3.amazonaws.com/fema-cap-imagery/Others/Maria (accessed October 2017). U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, USGS NED Original Product Resolution PR Puerto Rico 2015: http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html (accessed October 2018).
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in four study areas of Puerto Rico
공공데이터포털
In September 2017, Hurricane Maria caused widespread landsliding throughout mountainous regions of Puerto Rico. Nearly all landslides mobilized as debris flows (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019), but herein, we simply use the term “landslides” when describing all types of slope failures that occurred during Hurricane Maria. To examine the extent and physical characteristics of landslides in severely impacted areas (defined as having high landslide density (>25 landslides/km2) by Bessette-Kirton et al., 2017, 2019), we mapped individual landslides at scales between 1:600 and 1:1,000 in four 2.5 km2 study areas in the Mayagüez/Añasco/Las Marías (LAM1), Las Marías/Lares (LAM2), Naranjito (NAR), and Utuado (UTU) municipalities. We used aerial imagery collected between 9-15 October 2017 (Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017) to map landslide source and runout areas. In addition to imagery, we used 1 m-resolution pre-event LiDAR (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018) as a digital base map for our mapping. The map data consist of landslide polygons, headscarp points, and travel distance lines. Each landslide polygon includes the total affected area (LSArea) and the number of mapped headscarp points (HeadscarpPoints). Each headscarp point contains attributes for the elevation measured at the distal end of the associated travel distance line (MinElev), the elevation at the headscarp point (MaxElev), slope at the headscarp point (Slope), aspect at the headscarp point (Aspect), the length of the associated maximum travel distance line (MaxTravelDist), and the ratio of total fall height (H: MaxElev-MinElev) to maximum travel distance (L: MaxTravelDist). Each travel distance line includes the length of the line (MaxTravelDist). Areas containing a combination of landslide and flood deposits were mapped as landslide/flood deposits (LSFlood). The data also include study area boundaries (AOIs). The data are provided as ArcGIS point, line, and polygon feature class files, all of which are contained within a file geodatabase (PRMariaLandslides.gdb). References: Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Cerovski-Darriau, C., Schulz, W.H., Coe, J.A., Kean, J.W., Godt, J.W, Thomas, M.A., and Hughes, K. Stephen, 2019, Landslides Triggered by Hurricane Maria: Assessment of an Extreme Event in Puerto Rico: GSA Today, v. 29, doi:10.1130/GSATG383A.1 Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Coe, J.A., Godt, J.W., Kean, J.W., Rengers, F.K., Schulz, W.H., Baum, R.L., Jones, E.S., and Staley, D.M., 2017, Map data showing concentration of landslides caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JD4VRF. Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017, FEMA PR Imagery: https://s3.amazonaws.com/fema-cap-imagery/Others/Maria (accessed October 2017). U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, USGS NED Original Product Resolution PR Puerto Rico 2015: http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html (accessed October 2018).
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in three study areas in the Lares Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Lares municipality in central-western Puerto Rico was severely impacted by landslides., Landslide density in this region was mapped as greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, three 2.5-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Included in the data release are five separate shapefiles: geographic areas representing the mapping extent of the four distinct areas (map areas, filename: map_areas), initiation location polygons (source areas, filename: SourceArea), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas, filename: AffectArea), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point, filename: HSPoint), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines, filename: RunoutLine). These shapefiles contain a number of attributes, some subjective (including general geomorphic setting and impact of human activity), some geometric (including length, width, and depth), and others on the underlying geology and soil of the landslides. A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane María) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the average depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mn_dpth_m), the median depth
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in three study areas in the Lares Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Lares municipality in central-western Puerto Rico was severely impacted by landslides., Landslide density in this region was mapped as greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, three 2.5-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Included in the data release are five separate shapefiles: geographic areas representing the mapping extent of the four distinct areas (map areas, filename: map_areas), initiation location polygons (source areas, filename: SourceArea), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas, filename: AffectArea), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point, filename: HSPoint), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines, filename: RunoutLine). These shapefiles contain a number of attributes, some subjective (including general geomorphic setting and impact of human activity), some geometric (including length, width, and depth), and others on the underlying geology and soil of the landslides. A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane María) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the average depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mn_dpth_m), the median depth
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in two study areas in the Las Marías Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Las Marias municipality in central-western Puerto Rico was severely impacted by landslides., Landslide density in this region was mapped as greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, two 2.5-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were manually mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Included in the data release are five separate shapefiles: geographic areas representing the mapping extent of the four distinct areas (map areas, filename: map_areas), initiation location polygons (source areas, filename: SourceArea), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas, filename: AffectArea), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point, filename: HSPoint), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines, filename: RunoutLine). These shapefiles contain qualitative attributes interpreted from the aerial imagery (such as geomorphic setting and impact of human activity) and qualitative attributes extracted from the geospatial data (such as source area length, width, and depth), as well as attributes extracted from other sources (such as geology and soil properties). A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane MarÃa) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in two study areas in the Las Marías Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Las Marias municipality in central-western Puerto Rico was severely impacted by landslides., Landslide density in this region was mapped as greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, two 2.5-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were manually mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Included in the data release are five separate shapefiles: geographic areas representing the mapping extent of the four distinct areas (map areas, filename: map_areas), initiation location polygons (source areas, filename: SourceArea), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas, filename: AffectArea), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point, filename: HSPoint), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines, filename: RunoutLine). These shapefiles contain qualitative attributes interpreted from the aerial imagery (such as geomorphic setting and impact of human activity) and qualitative attributes extracted from the geospatial data (such as source area length, width, and depth), as well as attributes extracted from other sources (such as geology and soil properties). A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane MarÃa) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in four study areas in the Utuado Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Utuado municipality was characterized as a severely impacted area, or having landslides at a density of greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, four 3.0-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Four separate shapefiles were produced: initiation location polygons (source areas), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines). These shapefiles contain a number of attributes, some subjective (including general geomorphic setting and impact of human activity), some geometric (including length, width, and depth), and others involving the underlying geology and soil of the landslides. A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane María) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the average depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mn_dpth_m), the median depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mdn_dpt_m), the sum of the volumetric change of material in the source area after the landslide (ldr_sm_m3), the major geomorphic landform of the source (maj_ldfrm), and the
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in four study areas in the Utuado Municipality, Puerto Rico, All
공공데이터포털
In late September 2017, intense precipitation associated with Hurricane Maria caused extensive landsliding across Puerto Rico. Much of the Utuado municipality was characterized as a severely impacted area, or having landslides at a density of greater than 25 landslides/km2 (Bessette-Kirton et al., 2019). In order to better understand the controlling variables of landslide occurrence and runout in this region, four 3.0-km2 study areas were selected and all landslides within were mapped in detail using remote-sensing data. Four separate shapefiles were produced: initiation location polygons (source areas), polygons of the entire impacted area consisting of source, transport, and deposition (affected areas), points on the furthest upslope extent of the landslide source areas (headscarp point), and lines reflecting the approximate travel paths from the furthest upslope extent to the furthest downslope extent of the landslides (runout lines). These shapefiles contain a number of attributes, some subjective (including general geomorphic setting and impact of human activity), some geometric (including length, width, and depth), and others involving the underlying geology and soil of the landslides. A table detailing each attribute, attribute abbreviations, the possible choices for each attribute, and a short description of each attribute is provided as a table in the file labeled AttributeDescription.docx. The headscarp point shapefile attribute tables contain closest distance between headscarp and paved road (road_d_m; road data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015). The runout line shapefile attribute table reflects if the landslide was considered independently unmappable past a road or river (term_drain), the horizontal length of the runout (length_m), the fall height from the headscarp to termination (h_m), the ratio of fall height to runout length (hlratio), distance to nearest paved road (road_d_m), and the watershed area upslope from the upper end of the runout line (wtrshd_m2). All quantitative metrics were calculated using tools available in ESRI ArcMap v. 10.6. The source area shapefile attribute table reflects general source area vegetation (vegetat) and land use (land_use), whether the slide significantly disaggregated during movement (flow), the failure mode (failmode), if the slide was a reactivation of a previous one (reactivate), if the landslide directly impacted the occurrence of another slide (ls_complex), the proportion of source material that left the source area (sourc_evac), the state of the remaining material (remaining), the curvature of the source area (sourc_curv), potential human impact on landslide occurrence (human_caus), potential landslide impact on human society (human_effc), if a building exists within 10 meters of the source area (buildng10m), if a road exists within 50 meters of the source area (road50m), the planimetric area of the source area (area_m2), the dimension of the source area perpendicular to the direction of motion (width_m), the dimension of the source area parallel to the direction of motion (length_m), the geologic formation of the source area (FMATN; from Bawiec, W.J., 1998), the soil type of the source area (MUNAME; from Acevido, G., 2020), the root-zone (0-100 cm deep) soil moisture estimated by the NASA SMAP mission for 9:30 am Atlantic Standard Time on 21 September 2017 (the day after Hurricane María) (smap; NASA, 2017), the average precipitation amount in the source area for the duration of the hurricane (pptn_mm; from Ramos-Scharrón, C.E., and Arima, E., 2019), the source area mean slope (mn_slp_d), the source area median slope (mdn_slp_d), the average depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mn_dpth_m), the median depth change of material from the source area after the landslide (mdn_dpt_m), the sum of the volumetric change of material in the source area after the landslide (ldr_sm_m3), the major geomorphic landform of the source (maj_ldfrm), and the
Map data from landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria in select areas of San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico
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Hurricane Maria brought intense rainfall and caused widespread landsliding throughout Puerto Rico during September 2017. Previous detailed landslide inventories following the hurricane include Bessette-Kirton et al. (2017, 2019). Here we continue that work with an in-depth look at two areas in San Lorenzo, which is a municipality in the east-central part of the main island. To study a characteristic sample of landslides in San Lorenzo, we mapped all visible landslides in two physiographically diverse areas, but all within the San Lorenzo Formation. We used aerial imagery collected between 9-15 October 2017 (Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017) to map landslide source and runout areas, and 1-m-resolution pre-event and post-event lidar (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, 2020) as a digital base map for mapping. Difficulties with using these tools arose when aerial imagery was not correctly georeferenced to the lidar, when cloud cover was present in all images of an area, and in interpreting failure modes using only two-dimensional aerial photos. These difficulties with aerial imagery were partially resolved using the lidar. The map data comprises headscarp points, travel distance lines, source area polygons, and affected area polygons that are provided as point, line, and polygon shapefiles that may be viewed using common geographic information systems. Various characteristics of the landslides and their geomorphic settings are included in attribute tables of the mapped features, and this information is described in the "Attribute Summary" document in the accompanying files. Quantitative attributes (e.g., failure travel distance, failure fall height, watershed contributing area, etc.) were determined using tools available with the ESRI ArcGIS Pro v. 3.0.36056 geographic information system. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. References Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Cerovski-Darrian, C., Schulz, W.H., Coe, J.A., Kean, J.W., Godt, J.W., Thomas, M.A. and Hughes, K.S., 2019, Landslides triggered by Hurricane Maria: Assessment of an extreme event in Puerto Rico: GSA Today, v. 29, no. 6. Bessette-Kirton, E.K., Coe, J.A., Godt, J.W., Kean, J.W., Rengers, F.K., Schulz, W.H., Baum, R.L., Jones, E.S., and Staley, D.M., 2017, Map data showing concentration of landslides caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F7JD4VRF. Quantum Spatial, Inc., 2017 FEMA PR Imagery: https://s3amazonaws.com/fema-cap-imagery/Others/Maria (accessed October 2017). U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, USGS NED Original Product Resolution PR Puerto Rico 2015: http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html (accessed October 2018). U.S. Geological Survey, 2020, USGS NED Original Product Resolution PR Puerto Rico 2015: http://nationalmap.gov/elevation.html (accessed October 2018).