This product contains LCMAP CONUS Reference plot location data in a .shp format as well as annual land cover, land use, and change process variables for each reference data plot in a separate .csv table. The same information available in the.csv file is also provided in a .xlsx format. The LCMAP Reference Data Product was utilized for evaluation and validation of the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) land cover and land cover change products. This LCMAP Reference Data Product includes the collection of an independent dataset of 25,000 randomly-distributed and 2,000 stratified random 30-meter by 30-meter samples across the conterminous United States (CONUS). The 2,000 samples were selected using a stratified random sampling process with 4 strata based off the LCMAP Collection 1.0 Science Products. The LCMAP Reference Data Products collected variables related to primary and secondary land use, primary and secondary land cover(s), change processes, and other ancillary variables annually across CONUS from 1984–2021.

This product contains LCMAP CONUS Intensification Reference plot location data in a .shp format as well as annual land cover, land use, and change process variables for each reference data plot in a separate .csv table. The same information available in the.csv file is also provided in a .xlsx format. The LCMAP Reference Data Product was utilized for evaluation and validation of the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) land cover and land cover change products. The LCMAP Reference Data Product includes the collection of an independent dataset of 25,000 randomly-distributed 30-meter by 30-meter plots across the conterminous United States (CONUS). The LCMAP Reference Data Products collected variables related to primary and secondary land use, primary and secondary land cover(s), change processes, and other ancillary variables annually across CONUS from 1984–2018. This dataset includes 2,000 additional samples collected annually for 1984-2019 via manual image interpretation to increase the sample size of rare change classes at the CONUS level. This increased sample size will improve standard errors of the user's accuracy estimates for rare classes and improve estimates of area amounts of land cover change. These 2,000 samples were selected using a stratified random sampling process with 4 strata based off the LCMAP Collection 1.0 Science Products. These intensification samples were selected to assist in reducing the standard error focused on change classes.

This is a collection of data tables supporting the LCMAP CONUS Geographic Assessment v1.0. The data used to generate these tables come from the USGS LCMAP reference dataset and the map products released by LCMAP. Tables include annual land cover class composition and annual rate of land cover change metrics developed with a post-stratified estimator. Other tables including annual gross change of specific types of land covers, cumulative metrics of overall geographic footprint of change, frequency of overall geographic footprint of change, overall area estimates of specific class changes, and all unique changes in land cover classes. All tables cover the time period 1985-2016. All values in these tables are presented in percent and/or square kilometers of CONUS and include standard errors (SE). Tables 1a and 1b are annual land-cover class area estimates. Tables 1a and 1b are annual land-cover class area estimates. Table 1a presents the estimated area of each LCMAP land cover class as a percent of CONUS and Table 1b is the same in square kilometers, both with SEs. The area estimates include the following eight LCMAP land covers classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Snow/Ice, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014).Table 2 is the estimated overall net change in each of the eight LCMAP land-cover classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). It includes percent and square kilometers of CONUS in 1985 and 2016. The net area that changed between 1985 and 2016 is presented in percent and km2 of CONUS with the standard error of this change. Table 3 represents area estimates for the area that changed a specific number of times during 1985–2016. These areas are presented as both the fraction of LCMAP’s CONUS extent and as the equivalent in square kilometers, with standard errors. The overall footprint of change that occurred between 1985 and 2016 is presented as the percent and km2 of CONUS. Table 4 is the estimated percent and areal extent (km2) of CONUS that experienced either a change, or none, for each year 1986–2016, with associated standard errors. Tables 5a–h present the areal extent estimates (in km2) for specific land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The specific land-cover classes include Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). Table 6a presents area estimates (km2) of CONUS for all land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. Table 6b presents area estimates (km2) of CONUS that did not change for all eight LCMAP land-cover classes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The eight LCMAP land-cover classes include Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). Table 7 presents the estimated area (km2) of CONUS for four groupings of land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The eight LCMAP land-cover classes and class codes include Developed (1), Cropland (2), Grass/Shrub (3), Tree Cover (4), Water (5), Wetland (6), Ice/Snow (7), and Barren (8) (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al. 2014). The four groups include “Natural Resource Cycles”, “Increases in Developed and Built-up Land”, “Surface Water Expansion/Contraction”, and “Other”. Table 8 presents the cumulative (1985-2016) area of all specific land cover class changes, 56 in total.

This is a collection of data tables supporting the LCMAP CONUS Geographic Assessment v1.0. The data used to generate these tables come from the USGS LCMAP reference dataset and the map products released by LCMAP. Tables include annual land cover class composition and annual rate of land cover change metrics developed with a post-stratified estimator. Other tables including annual gross change of specific types of land covers, cumulative metrics of overall geographic footprint of change, frequency of overall geographic footprint of change, overall area estimates of specific class changes, and all unique changes in land cover classes. All tables cover the time period 1985-2016. All values in these tables are presented in percent and/or square kilometers of CONUS and include standard errors (SE). Tables 1a and 1b are annual land-cover class area estimates. Tables 1a and 1b are annual land-cover class area estimates. Table 1a presents the estimated area of each LCMAP land cover class as a percent of CONUS and Table 1b is the same in square kilometers, both with SEs. The area estimates include the following eight LCMAP land covers classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Snow/Ice, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014).Table 2 is the estimated overall net change in each of the eight LCMAP land-cover classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). It includes percent and square kilometers of CONUS in 1985 and 2016. The net area that changed between 1985 and 2016 is presented in percent and km2 of CONUS with the standard error of this change. Table 3 represents area estimates for the area that changed a specific number of times during 1985–2016. These areas are presented as both the fraction of LCMAP’s CONUS extent and as the equivalent in square kilometers, with standard errors. The overall footprint of change that occurred between 1985 and 2016 is presented as the percent and km2 of CONUS. Table 4 is the estimated percent and areal extent (km2) of CONUS that experienced either a change, or none, for each year 1986–2016, with associated standard errors. Tables 5a–h present the areal extent estimates (in km2) for specific land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The specific land-cover classes include Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). Table 6a presents area estimates (km2) of CONUS for all land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. Table 6b presents area estimates (km2) of CONUS that did not change for all eight LCMAP land-cover classes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The eight LCMAP land-cover classes include Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Water, Wetland, Ice/Snow, and Barren (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2014). Table 7 presents the estimated area (km2) of CONUS for four groupings of land-cover class changes with standard error for every year, 1986–2016. The eight LCMAP land-cover classes and class codes include Developed (1), Cropland (2), Grass/Shrub (3), Tree Cover (4), Water (5), Wetland (6), Ice/Snow (7), and Barren (8) (Brown et al., 2020; Zhu et al. 2014). The four groups include “Natural Resource Cycles”, “Increases in Developed and Built-up Land”, “Surface Water Expansion/Contraction”, and “Other”. Table 8 presents the cumulative (1985-2016) area of all specific land cover class changes, 56 in total.

A validation assessment of Land Cover Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection Collection 1.2 annual land cover products (1985–2018) for the Conterminous United States was conducted with an independently collected reference dataset. Reference data land cover attributes were assigned by trained interpreters for each year of the time series (1984–2018) to a reference sample of 26,971 Landsat resolution (30m x 30m) pixels. The LCMAP and reference dataset labels for each pixel location are displayed here for each year, 1985–2018.

This preliminary product contains annual land cover, land use, and change process variables for reference data plots in a .csv table. The same information available in the.csv file is also provided in a .xlsx format. The LCMAP Preliminary Duplicate Attributes Collection for Reference Data includes the attributes collected from 30-meter by 30-meter plots across the conterminous United States (CONUS) that were randomly selected during data collection to have 2 independent interpretations. These duplicate interpretations were utilized in the quality assurance and quality control processes for the creation of the final, authoritative LCMAP Reference Data Product. These attributes were collected via manual image interpretation. The interpretations collected variables related to primary and secondary land use, primary and secondary land cover(s), change processes, and other ancillary variables annually across CONUS from 1984-2016. The duplicate interpretations were utilized to identify classes and situations that could require additional interpreter training, further quality review, and/or correct identified errors in the preparation of the final dataset. The data in this dataset is considered interim/provisional in nature. The LCMAP Preliminary Duplicate Attributes Collection for Reference Data provides the interpretation attributes for a subset of the 25,000 plots that were utilized for evaluation and validation of the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) land cover and land cover change products.

This product contains plot location data in a .shp format as well as annual land cover, land use, and change process variables for each reference data plot in a separate .csv table. The same information available in the.csv file is also provided in a .xlsx format. The LCMAP Reference Data Product was utilized for evaluation and validation of the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) land cover and land cover change products. The LCMAP Reference Data Product includes the collection of an independent dataset of 25,000 randomly-distributed 30-meter by 30-meter plots across the conterminous United States (CONUS). This dataset was collected via manual image interpretation to aid in validation of the land cover and land cover change products as well as area estimates. The LCMAP Reference Data Product collected variables related to primary and secondary land use, primary and secondary land cover(s), change processes, and other ancillary variables annually across CONUS from 1984-2018. First posted - May 1, 2020 (available from author) Revised - September 21, 2021 (version 1.1) Revised - November 17, 2021 (version 1.2)

This product contains plot location data in a .shp format as well as annual land cover, land use, and change process variables for each reference data plot in a separate .csv table. The same information available in the.csv file is also provided in a .xlsx format. The LCMAP Reference Data Product was utilized for evaluation and validation of the Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection (LCMAP) land cover and land cover change products. The LCMAP Reference Data Product includes the collection of an independent dataset of 25,000 randomly-distributed 30-meter by 30-meter plots across the conterminous United States (CONUS). This dataset was collected via manual image interpretation to aid in validation of the land cover and land cover change products as well as area estimates. The LCMAP Reference Data Product collected variables related to primary and secondary land use, primary and secondary land cover(s), change processes, and other ancillary variables annually across CONUS from 1984-2018. First posted - May 1, 2020 (available from author) Revised - September 21, 2021 (version 1.1) Revised - November 17, 2021 (version 1.2)

A validation assessment of Land Cover Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection Collection 1.2 annual land cover products (1985–2018) for the Conterminous United States was conducted with an independently collected reference dataset. Reference data land cover attributes were assigned by trained interpreters for each year of the time series (1984–2018) at to a reference sample of 26,971 Landsat resolution (30m x 30m) pixels. These pixels were selected from a sample frame of all pixels in the ARD grid system which fell within the map area (Dwyer et al., 2018). Interpretation used the TimeSync reference data collection tool which visualizes Landsat images and Landsat data values for all usable images in the time series (1984–2018) (Cohen et al., 2010). Interpreters also referred to air photos and high resolution images available in Google Earth as well as several ancillary data layers. The interpreted land cover attributes were crosswalked to the LCMAP annual land cover classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Wetland, Water, Snow/Ice and Barren. Validation analysis directly compared reference labels with annual LCMAP land cover map attributes by cross tabulation. The results of that assessment are reported here as confusion matrices for land cover agreement and land cover change agreement. Accuracy and standard errors have been calculated using stratified estimation (Stehman, 2014). Land cover class proportions were also estimated from the reference data for each year, 1985–2018. A cluster sampling formulation was used to calculate standard sampling error for summary tables reporting results for multiple years of data comparison.

A validation assessment of Land Cover Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection Collection 1.2 annual land cover products (1985–2018) for the Conterminous United States was conducted with an independently collected reference dataset. Reference data land cover attributes were assigned by trained interpreters for each year of the time series (1984–2018) at to a reference sample of 26,971 Landsat resolution (30m x 30m) pixels. These pixels were selected from a sample frame of all pixels in the ARD grid system which fell within the map area (Dwyer et al., 2018). Interpretation used the TimeSync reference data collection tool which visualizes Landsat images and Landsat data values for all usable images in the time series (1984–2018) (Cohen et al., 2010). Interpreters also referred to air photos and high resolution images available in Google Earth as well as several ancillary data layers. The interpreted land cover attributes were crosswalked to the LCMAP annual land cover classes: Developed, Cropland, Grass/Shrub, Tree Cover, Wetland, Water, Snow/Ice and Barren. Validation analysis directly compared reference labels with annual LCMAP land cover map attributes by cross tabulation. The results of that assessment are reported here as confusion matrices for land cover agreement and land cover change agreement. Accuracy and standard errors have been calculated using stratified estimation (Stehman, 2014). Land cover class proportions were also estimated from the reference data for each year, 1985–2018. A cluster sampling formulation was used to calculate standard sampling error for summary tables reporting results for multiple years of data comparison.