Range finding trial in which kestrels were fed diets containing varying quantities of brodifacoum and signs of intoxication were monitored.

Trial examining blood clotting function response in kestrels initially fed a diet containing chlorophacinone (CPN) or brodifacoum (BROD), and following a recovery period, kestrels were challenged with a diet containing chlorophacinone. Kestrels received two 25 ± 0.1 g NBP meatballs daily for a 7-day period containing either vehicle, 1.5 µg CPN/g wet wt diet (i.e., 1.5 ppm chlorophacinone) or 0.5 µg brodifacoum/g wet wt (i.e., 0.5 ppm brodifacoum) during an initial exposure phase. Following 7 day recovery period, these kestrels were then fed 0.75 µg CPN/g wet wt diet (i.e., 0.75 ppm chlorophacinone) for a 7 day challenge exposure phase. Hereafter, these groups are designated control-chlorophacinone challenge (CON-CPN), chlorophacinone-chlorophacinone challenge (CPN-CPN), and brodifacoum-chlorophacinone challenge (BROD-CPN).

Trial in which coagulopathy and the time course of recovery of clotting function was determined in kestrels fed a diet containing brodifacoum.

Trial in which coagulopathy and the time course of recovery of clotting function was determined in kestrels fed a diet containing brodifacoum.

- Observations of test subjects, - Body weight - Estimates of test diet consumption - Hematocrit - Clotting time parameters (prothrombin time, Russell’s viper venom time, fibrinogen concentration) - Residues of brodifacoum and chlorophacinone in tissue

- Observations of test subjects, - Body weight - Estimates of test diet consumption - Hematocrit - Clotting time parameters (prothrombin time, Russell’s viper venom time, fibrinogen concentration) - Residues of brodifacoum and chlorophacinone in tissue

Citrated plasma samples were sent to the University of Miami Avian and Wildlife Laboratory for clinical determination of total protein, plasma electrophoresis (pre-albumin, albumin, alpha 1 globulins, alpha 2 globulins, beta globulins, gamma globulins) and aspartate aminotransferase and creatine phosphokinase activities.

- Observations and treatment of various species of raptorial birds admitted to a rehabilitation facility, and of nestling barn owls observed and sampled in the field - Clotting time parameters (prothrombin time, Russell’s viper venom time, fibrinogen concentration) - Anticoagulant rodenticide residue data

Body weight and weight change during course of study, estimates of food and brodifacoum consumption, observations of test birds during feeding trial and at necropsy, hematocrit, prothrombin time, Russell’s viper venom time and thrombin clotting time.

This dataset documents histopathological changes in liver, kidney, skeletal muscle and intestine of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to brodifacoum formulations with differing elimination half-lives in target rodents. The toxicity of two brodifacoum formulations with stereoisomers having markedly different elimination half-lives in rats (Formulation A containing the 2 least persistent stereoisomers, Formulation B containing the most persistent stereoisomer) were tested in a 7-day dietary feeding trial. Based on previous kestrel studies using commercially available brodifacoum, Formulations A and B were each provided at 3 dietary concentrations (0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 µg/g diet, 4 kestrels/dose level) predicted to cause a range of toxicity. Birds were necropsied and examined grossly for hemorrhages or anemia, and liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, and intestine was collected for histopathological evaluation. Tissues stained by hematoxylin and eosin were scanned at at least 100x magnification and all hemorrhage, defined as erythrocyte extravasation, was scored on a severity scale of 0-4 (absent, minimal, mild, moderate, or severe). Other microscopic abnormalities noted within the case set were scored as absent or present. Microscopic examination revealed mild to moderate hemorrhage in 11/111 of tissues examined, including samples from the control group; hemorrhage was not related to dietary concentration of either brodifacoum formulation. Other observations in the case set included portal infiltrates in the liver (27/27), suspect polyomavirus inclusions in the kidney (14/28), renal interstitial lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates (6/28), other cellular infiltrates (17/111), myocyte degeneration or regeneration (3/28), myocellular protozoal cysts (2/28), hepatocellular glycogenosis (1/27), and minimal hepatocellular necrosis (1/27). These findings are not considered likely to be clinically significant or related to brodifacoum exposure.