Operational objectives are to: (1) collect underway data using TSG, SCS, and ADCP; (2) complete CTD and bongo operations at stations throughout area; (3) collect marine mammal and seabird observations; (4) collect data and imagery of phytoplankton and faciliates using an Imaging FlowCytobot unit and optical measurements of the sea surface water using bio-optical instruments, both of which will be plumbed into the Scientific Seawater System; (5) collect plankton samples with vertical plankton ring net tows to compare with bongo tows; (6) collect microzooplankton samples using 61 cm bongo (333 / 150 micron mesh nets) at Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) stations (A17-SNE, A18-SNE, A19-SNE, A20-SNE); and (7) collect radiometry measurements for satellite validation. The Ecosystem Monitoring surveys contribute to stock assessments, protected species assessments, ecosystem assessments, and climate assessments. As such, the surveys are multi-objective. Ichthyoplankton and hydrographic data are collected for stock assessments. A range of ecosystem observations are made, from nutrients and ocean acidification to marine mammals, and a number of the measurements are used in NEFSC ecosystem assessment products. The ocean acidification and hydrographic measurements are incorporated into the region’s climate assessments. This survey is multidisciplinary and as such will integrate all these operations. The cruise plan will evolve with input from scientists as well as the officers and crew of NOAA Ship Gordon Gunter. A post-cruise meeting will focus on lessons learned and improvements to make for subsequent surveys of this type.

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1. Conduct visual line-transect surveys to estimate the abundance and spatial distribution of cetaceans in U.S. Atlantic waters. 2. Conduct passive acoustic surveys simultaneous with visual surveys to provide supplemental information on cetacean abundance and spatial distribution. 3. Collect tissue samples (biopsies) of select cetaceans from the bow of Gordon Gunter. 4. Collect data on distribution and abundance of sea turtles, seabirds, and other marine life. 5. Collect oceanographic and environmental data including scientific echosounders (EK60) and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data to quantify acoustic backscatter due to small fish and zooplankton. 6. Collect vertical profiles of hydrographic parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration) using CTD and XBTs.

Ecosystem Monitoring. The Ecosystem Monitoring (aka Ecomon) survery uses bongo and CTD sampling to monitor and map the distribution of zooplankton, krill and smaller organisms) and the physical environment. The survey has been conducted four times per year (although fewer times in recent years) in each season on the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras, NC to the Canadian waters of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Acoustic data are occasionally collected. Marine mammal and bird observations have been collected in the past.

Northeast Integrated Pelagic Survey (GU1305, EK60). During the survey we will quantify the spatial distribution of the following parameters: water currents, water properties, phytoplankton, microzooplankton, mesozooplankton, pelagic fish and invertebrates, sea turtles, marine mammals, and sea birds. We will use traditional and novel techniques and instruments. In essence, the approaches of the Ecosystem Monitoring survey and the NEFSC Herring Acoustic survey are combined here and augmented to include a broad array of measurements of the pelagic ecosystem. Operational objectives are to: (1) collect underway data using TSG, SCS, and ADCP; (2) complete CTD and bongo operations at stations throughout area, (3) calibrate the EK60 Scientific Sounder, (4) conduct acoustic surveys using the EK60, (5) collect biological data to verify species-specific acoustic measurements using midwater trawls, (6) collect marine mammal and seabird observations.

AMAPPS-Cetacean and Turtle Abundance Spring Survey (GU1402, EK60). The AMAPPS survey primarily focuses on beaked whale species, with the following objectives: 1) Develop a better understanding of beaked whale habitat use and site fidelity for abundance and monitoring of critical areas, 2) Quantify efficacy of passive acoustic monitoring for detection and abundance of these species, through controlled methodological tests and in comparison to a bottom-mounted recorders (MARU), 3) Determine the distribution and relative abundance of plankton and prey species, 4) When possible, collect identification photographs and biopsy samples.

Okeanos Explorer (EX1903L1): Southeastern US Atlantic Continental Margin Mapping - 2019 (EK60)

Okeanos Explorer (EX1903L2): Mid and Southeast US (ROV and Mapping) - 2019 (EK60). Windows to the Deep 2019: Exploration of the Deep-sea Habitats of the Southeastern United States was a 38-day, two-leg, telepresence-enabled expedition on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer to collect data on priority exploration areas identified by the ocean management and scientific communities. During the expedition, scientists explored a diversity of features with mapping and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) operations, including deep-sea fish habitats, deep-sea coral and sponge communities, midwater habitats, cold seeps, submarine canyons, submarine landslides, and other unique geological features.

Okeanos Explorer (EX1905L2): New England and Canada (ROV and Mapping) (EK60). This 21-day expedition leg will start in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on August 26, 2019, and end in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, on September 15, 2019. The expedition will include 24-hour-a-day operations, including daytime ROV dives to depths ranging between 250-3,000 meters (~820-9,843 feet), overnight mapping operations to depths of 5,000 meters (16,404 feet), as well as continuous shore-side participation via telepresence technology. ROV dives will focus on exploring submarine canyons and slope habitats, seamounts, deep-sea coral and sponge communities, midwater habitats, unique geological features, and other poorly known deep-sea habitats. Mapping operations will concentrate on seafloor and water column areas with little or no high-quality sonar data, as well as being used to support ROV operations and identify potential maritime heritage sites. Data collected on this expedition will support the development of habitat suitability models and geohazard models and enhance our understanding of poorly explored deepwater areas offshore of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, New England, and Nova Scotia.

Okeanos Explorer (EX1905L1): New England and Canada (Mapping) - 2019 (EK60). EX1905L1 will be one of several NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer expeditions in 2018-2020 that will contribute to NOAA's Atlantic Seafloor Partnership for Integrated Research and Exploration (ASPIRE), a major multi-year, multi-national, collaborative ocean exploration program focused on raising our collective knowledge and understanding of the North Atlantic Ocean. The NAO plays a pivotal role to humankind, providing biological and geological resources, ecosystem services, such as seafood production and climate regulation, and a route for trade and travel between Europe and the Americas.