During the project we characterized two open ocean eddies: one cyclonic and one anticyclonic in the waters south of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi in the Central North Pacific Ocean. We conducted CTDs with water collection for nutrients, chlorophyll, and eDNA, we conducted net tows to quantify and describe the zooplankton and micronekton, and to collect genetic voucher specimens. Throughout the project we intermittently collecte EK80 and ADCP data. **Just a note: The ADCP data was not continuous on this cruise, as we had to toggle between collecting ADCP and EK80 data. So ADCP was collected during station operations, and EK80 while we transited between stations. The TS data was collected continuously.

Kona Integrated Ecosystem Assessment Survey (SE1104, EK60). This cruise accomplished the following objectives: Oceanographic data were collected from a total of 25 CTD casts while continuous TSG and ADCP measurements were taken along a predefined grid off the west coast of Hawaii to assess the influence of physical dynamics on the region's biological productivity. CTD-mounted fluorometer measurements were carried out by two fluorometers. Chlorophyll was measured for ten discrete samples per CTD using a bench top Turner 10-AU fluorometer. Water samples were preserved for post-cruise flow cytometry to determine phytoplankton size structure. Biological backscatter was monitored using the EK60 echosounder system, both during trawl operations and along 17 acoustic transects (including at least one daytime and one nighttime transit of each transect). Twelve nighttime oblique mid-water trawls were conducted, with replicate trawls at each of six sites. These trawls all targeted the shallow sound scattering layer. Data on cetacean distribution, school size, and school composition were collected with a towed passive acoustic array on 14 transects, including both a daytime and nighttime transit of each transect. Daytime visual cetacean surveys were conducted to help develop habitat envelope models for the Kona region. Fourteen casts of a DIDSON imaging sonar were conducted to collect high resolution information on the density of high sonic scattering layers.

Our routine ecosystem survey will make hydrographic measurements with a CTD, collect water samples for chemical analyses with a Niskin bottle rosette, and collect zooplankton samples with towed plankton nets at an array of stations along transect lines.

Oceanographic Survey of Cross Seamount and Control Sites (SE0803, EK60). The goals of the cruise were to collect acoustic backscatter and oceanographic data at Cross Seamount (18°43.285’ N, longitude 158° 15.710’ W) and at control sites in the surrounding environment. Data collected consisted of CTD casts, trawl samples, and continuous monitoring of currents and biological acoustic backscatter. CTD cats were conducted at predetermined stations. CTDs were equipped with oxygen sensors and fluorometers. Trawl operations were conducted at predetermined stations using a Cobb trawl at depths of the shallow (nighttime) and deep (day and nighttime) sound scattering layers. Currents were continuously monitored using an RD Instruments Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) operating at 75 kHz frequency. Biological backscatter were recorded along predetermined transects using the EK60 echosounder system at 38, 70, and 120 kHz frequencies.

Scientists from the NWFSC conducted an inter-vessel calibration (IVC) with a Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) vessel (Sir John Franklin) as well as lead investigations into the Simrad EK80 scientific echosounder system, advanced technologies, and associated ecosystem components (e.g., research focused on rockfish and krill) in support of the Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) stock assessment.

TZCF Oceanographic Survey (SE0802, EK60). Oceanographic data were collected along the 158°W Meridional from 22°30′N-35°00′N. CTD cats were conducted at predetermined stations. CTDs were equipped with oxygen sensors and fluorometers, and chlorophyll and nutrients were measured at discrete depths. Biological backscatter and currents were monitored using the EK60 echosounder system (38, 70, and 120 kHz) and an RD Instruments ADCP along the transect. Shipboard visual surveys were conducted for marine debris and marine mammals. An UAS was tested for operations flying a glider at a predefined survey pattern.

The objective of this work is to assess the habitats and associated biota off the West Coast using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), CTD, and wave glider to act as communication hub for AUV. This work is part of the EXPRESS West Coast Alliance of federal agencies conducting research in deep habitats. This survey will focus on proposed wind energy sites and Essential Fish Habitat areas proposed for modification by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.

The following are specific objectives for the spring CalCOFI. Continuously sample pelagic fish eggs using the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES). The data will be used to estimate the distributions and abundances of spawning hake, anchovy, mackerel, and early spawning pacific sardine. Continuously sample multi-frequency acoustic backscatter using the Simrad EK80 and the Simrad ME70. The data will be used to estimate the distributions and abundances of coastal pelagic fishes (e.g., sardine, anchovy, and mackerel), and krill species. Continuously sample sea-surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a using a thermosalinometer and fluorometer. These data will be used to estimate the physical oceanographic habitats for target species. Continuously sample air temperature, barometric pressure, and wind speed and direction using an integrated weather station. Sample profiles of seawater temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, nutrients, and phytoplankton using a CTD with water-sampling rosette and other instruments at prescribed stations. Measurements of extracted chlorophyll and phaeophytin will be obtained with a fluorometer. Nutrients will be measured with an auto-analyzer. Sample the light intensity in the photic zone using a standard secchi disk in conjunction with a daytime CTD station. Sample plankton using a CalBOBL (CalCOFI Bongo Oblique) at prescribed stations. These data will be used to estimate the distributions and abundances of ichthyoplankton and zooplankton species. Sample plankton using a Manta (neuston) net at prescribed stations. These data will be used to estimate the distributions and abundances of ichthyoplankton species. Sample the vertically integrated abundance of fish eggs using a Pairovet net at prescribed stations. These data will be used to quantify the abundances and distributions of fish eggs. Sample plankton using a PRPOOS (Planktonic Rate Processes in Oligotrophic Ocean Systems) net at all prescribed CalCOFI stations on lines 90.0 and 80.0 as well as stations out to and including station 70.0 on lines 86.7 and 83.3 and station 81.8 46.9. PRPOOS will not be towed on SCCOOS stations. These data will be used in analyses by the LTER (Long Term Ecological Research) project. Continuously sample profiles of currents using the RDI/Teledyne Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler. This will be dependent on the ability to synchronize the ADCP’s output with the EK80 and ME70. The EK80 and ME70 will hold priority over the ADCP. Continuously observe, during daylight hours, seabirds and marine mammals. These data will be used to estimate the distributions and abundances of seabirds and marine mammals.

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Mesophotic coral environment monitoring and habitat surveys at the Main Hawaiian Island Chain (SE0807, EK60). The goals of the cruise were to collect a variety of data to assess the status of mesophotic corals in the Auau Channel, off the west coast of Maui. Camera surveys of corals and fish were conducted by a live feed video camera attached to a Towed Optical Assessment Device (TOAD). Two instrument arrays were deployed to monitor environmental variables (temperature, salinity, currents) for a period of one year. In addition, two smaller arrays were deployed to monitor temperature and occurrences of transient large fish that have been tagged previously. CTD casts were conducted at predetermined stations off a small boat, and light measurement profiles were taken at midday over a period of 4 days. Biological backscatter were recorded using an EK60 echosounder system operating at 38, 70, and 120 kHz along predetermined transects.