This data release publishes datasets of historical aerial photograph orthomosaics covering areas within and surrounding Lassen Volcanic National Park, California. The historical imagery provides a high-resolution, spatially contiguous record of the park’s landscape across six dates ranging from 1941-2004. A total of 990 hard-copy aerial photographs taken in 1941, 1952, 1966, 1973, 1998, and 2004 were scanned at 800 dpi with an Epson Expression 12000XL. The 1941-1966 images are in black and white and scanned in 16-bit greyscale, and 1973, 1998 and 2004 are in color and scanned as 24-bit RGB. Like many historical aerial photograph collections, most of the flight and camera parameters were missing; Structure-from-Motion (SfM) software offers an efficient solution for orthorectifying images that lack these parameters. We used a SfM software called Agisoft Metashape Professional (v.1.6) to generate the orthomosaics for each image year, which were aligned with sets of reference Ground Control Points (GCPs). Average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged from 4.07-140 cm, and average reprojection errors ranged from 0.56-0.78 meters. Each orthomosaic metadata file contains specific information on image processing, number of GCPs used and estimated error.

The USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), created a series of geospatial products using historic aerial imagery and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry methods. A high-resolution orthomosaic of the South Cow Mountain Recreational Area was generated from stereo historical aerial imagery acquired in by the BLM in May of 1977. The aerial imagery were downloaded from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Data Center's USGS Single Aerial Frame Photo archive and an orthomosaic was created using USGS guidelines. Photo alignment, error reduction, and dense point cloud generation followed guidelines documented in Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6— Structure from motion workflow documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1039, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039. Photo-identifiable points, selected as synthetic ground-control points, followed guidelines documented in Sherwood, C.R.; Warrick, J.A.; Hill, A.D.; Ritchie, A.C.; Andrews, B.D., and Plant, N.G., 2018. Rapid, remote assessment of Hurricane Matthew impacts using four-dimensional structure-from-motion photogrammetry https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00016.1 Additional post-processing of the 1977 dense point cloud, using Iterative Closest Point (ICP) analysis, was used to improve the alignment with the 2015 LiDAR point cloud. The ICP analysis is explained in Low, K.L., 2004. Linear least-squares optimization for point-to-plane ICP surface registration. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, 4(10), pp.1-3. http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~lowkl/publications/lowk_point-to-plane_icp_techrep.pdf Data were processed using photogrammetry to generate a three-dimensional point cloud that identifies pixels of an object from multiple images taken from various angles and calculates the x, y, and z coordinates of that object/pixel. The point cloud was processed to create a digital surface model of the study area (57.3 cm resolution). Finally, source images were stitched together based on shared pixels and orthogonally adjusted to the digital surface model to create a high resolution (approximately 18.3 cm) orthoimage for the study area.

The USGS, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM), created a series of geospatial products using historic aerial imagery and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry methods. A high-resolution orthomosaic of the South Cow Mountain Recreational Area was generated from stereo historical aerial imagery acquired in by the BLM in May of 1977. The aerial imagery were downloaded from the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Data Center's USGS Single Aerial Frame Photo archive and an orthomosaic was created using USGS guidelines. Photo alignment, error reduction, and dense point cloud generation followed guidelines documented in Over, J.R., Ritchie, A.C., Kranenburg, C.J., Brown, J.A., Buscombe, D., Noble, T., Sherwood, C.R., Warrick, J.A., and Wernette, P.A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6— Structure from motion workflow documentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1039, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039. Photo-identifiable points, selected as synthetic ground-control points, followed guidelines documented in Sherwood, C.R.; Warrick, J.A.; Hill, A.D.; Ritchie, A.C.; Andrews, B.D., and Plant, N.G., 2018. Rapid, remote assessment of Hurricane Matthew impacts using four-dimensional structure-from-motion photogrammetry https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-18-00016.1 Additional post-processing of the 1977 dense point cloud, using Iterative Closest Point (ICP) analysis, was used to improve the alignment with the 2015 LiDAR point cloud. The ICP analysis is explained in Low, K.L., 2004. Linear least-squares optimization for point-to-plane ICP surface registration. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, 4(10), pp.1-3. http://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~lowkl/publications/lowk_point-to-plane_icp_techrep.pdf Data were processed using photogrammetry to generate a three-dimensional point cloud that identifies pixels of an object from multiple images taken from various angles and calculates the x, y, and z coordinates of that object/pixel. The point cloud was processed to create a digital surface model of the study area (57.3 cm resolution). Finally, source images were stitched together based on shared pixels and orthogonally adjusted to the digital surface model to create a high resolution (approximately 18.3 cm) orthoimage for the study area.

This portion of the data release presents a high-resolution orthomosaic image of the debris flow at South Fork Campground in Sequoia National Park. The orthomosaic has a resolution of 3 centimeters per pixel and was derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry using aerial imagery acquired during an uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) survey on 30 April 2024, conducted under authorization from the National Park Service. The raw imagery was acquired with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 70 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, from an approximate altitude of 110 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of 2.9 centimeters per pixel. The raw imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Survey control was established using temporary ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary chalk marks placed on the ground. The GCP positions were measured using dual-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS with corrections referenced to a static base station operating nearby. The images and GCP positions were used for structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetric processing to create a topographic point cloud, a high-resolution orthomosaic image, and a Digital Surface Model (DSM). The orthomosaic image is provided in a cloud optimized GeoTIFF format with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display.

This portion of the data release presents a high-resolution orthomosaic image of the debris flow at South Fork Campground in Sequoia National Park. The orthomosaic has a resolution of 3 centimeters per pixel and was derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry using aerial imagery acquired during an uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) survey on 30 April 2024, conducted under authorization from the National Park Service. The raw imagery was acquired with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 70 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, from an approximate altitude of 110 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of 2.9 centimeters per pixel. The raw imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Survey control was established using temporary ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary chalk marks placed on the ground. The GCP positions were measured using dual-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS with corrections referenced to a static base station operating nearby. The images and GCP positions were used for structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetric processing to create a topographic point cloud, a high-resolution orthomosaic image, and a Digital Surface Model (DSM). The orthomosaic image is provided in a cloud optimized GeoTIFF format with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display.

This portion of the data release presents a high-resolution orthomosaic image of the Liberty Island Conservation Bank Wildlands restoration site in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The orthomosaic has a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel and was derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected with an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) on 2018-10-23. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaic image was acquired using two UAS fitted with Ricoh GR II digital cameras with global shutters. The UAS were flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines at an approximate altitude of 120 meters above-ground-level. The flight lines were oriented roughly east-west and were spaced to provide approximately 66 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The cameras were triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. The imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Ground control was established using twenty-four ground control points (GCPs) consisting of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns distributed throughout the mapping area. The GCP positions were measured using RTK GPS, with real-time corrections from a GPS base station located approximately 3 kilometers south of the study area. The orthomosaic imagery is provided at a resolution of 3 centimeters per-pixel, in a three-band RGB cloud-optimized GeoTIFF format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression.

This portion of the data release presents high-resolution orthomosaic images of the Jenkinson Lake upper reservoir delta in El Dorado County, California. The orthomosaics have resolutions of 2.5 centimeters per pixel and were derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected during surveys with unoccupied aerial systems (UAS). The surveys were on 2021-10-13, 2021-11-04, 2022-10-25, and 2023-11-13, and were generally timed to coincide with low water level in the reservoir to maximize sub-aerial coverage. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaics was acquired with a UAS quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 70 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, from an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of 2.6 centimeters per pixel. The raw imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Survey control was established using temporary ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary chalk marks placed on the ground. The GCP positions were measured using dual-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS with corrections referenced to a static base station operating nearby. The images and GCP positions were used for structure-from-motion (SfM) processing to create topographic point clouds, high-resolution orthomosaic images, and DSMs. The orthomosaic images are provided in a three-band RGB format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression, and are formatted as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display.

This portion of the data release presents high-resolution orthomosaic images of the Jenkinson Lake upper reservoir delta in El Dorado County, California. The orthomosaics have resolutions of 2.5 centimeters per pixel and were derived from structure-from-motion (SfM) processing of aerial imagery collected during surveys with unoccupied aerial systems (UAS). The surveys were on 2021-10-13, 2021-11-04, 2022-10-25, and 2023-11-13, and were generally timed to coincide with low water level in the reservoir to maximize sub-aerial coverage. The raw imagery used to create the orthomosaics was acquired with a UAS quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 70 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, from an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of 2.6 centimeters per pixel. The raw imagery was geotagged using positions from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. Survey control was established using temporary ground control points (GCPs) consisting of a combination of small square tarps with black-and-white cross patterns and temporary chalk marks placed on the ground. The GCP positions were measured using dual-frequency real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS with corrections referenced to a static base station operating nearby. The images and GCP positions were used for structure-from-motion (SfM) processing to create topographic point clouds, high-resolution orthomosaic images, and DSMs. The orthomosaic images are provided in a three-band RGB format, with 8-bit unsigned integer values compressed using high-quality JPEG compression, and are formatted as cloud optimized GeoTIFFs with internal overviews and masks to facilitate cloud-based queries and display.

This data set is a mosaic made from aerial photographs acquired from the Modoc National Forest with photo dates throughout the summer of 1946. The 126 original photographs were scanned and orthorectified in December 2002. The aerial photographs were scanned and orthorectified by the Geographical Information Center, California State Univ., Chico, using PCI Ortho software in December 2002. The mosaic was created in September 2004. Additional mosaic reformatting was done in 2005 and 2020 by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

This data set is a mosaic made from aerial photographs acquired from the Modoc National Forest with photo dates throughout the summer of 1946. The 126 original photographs were scanned and orthorectified in December 2002. The aerial photographs were scanned and orthorectified by the Geographical Information Center, California State Univ., Chico, using PCI Ortho software in December 2002. The mosaic was created in September 2004. Additional mosaic reformatting was done in 2005 and 2020 by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.