This dataset contains monthly-averaged surface fields of temperature, salinity, total alkalinity (TA), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) derived from the GoMBio model for 1981-2014. GoMBio is a ROMS-based 8-km resolution ocean-biogeochemical model encompassing the entire Gulf of Mexico. Model details can be found in Gomez et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3561-2018) and Gomez et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020). We include the results of four model experiments: (1) model hindcast, (2) climatological Mississippi-Atchafalaya chemistry experiment (CLM_MC), (3) climatological river experiment (CLM_RIV), and (4) climatological forcing experiment (CLM_FORC). The model hindcast experiment was forced with surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast reanalysis product (ERA-Interim). We prescribed a time-evolving monthly series of freshwater discharge for 28 river sources in the U.S., and a climatological discharge for 10 rivers in the U.S. and 11 rivers in Mexico. We also prescribed time evolving concentration of nutrients, TA, and DIC for the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River System (MARS), and long-term climatological values for the other river sources. The CLM_MC and CLM_RIV experiments are like the model hindcast, but the river inputs were modified to evaluate the model sensitivity to changes in river runoff. In the CLM_MC experiment we used a monthly climatology for the MARS. In the CLM_RIV experiment we used climatological river discharge values for all rivers, as well as the climatological chemistry for the MARS. Finally, in the CLM_FORC experiment, we prescribed climatological patterns for rivers, surface fluxes and the open boundary conditions. The only exceptions were the atmospheric CO2 and the open boundary conditions for DIC, which varied as in the model hindcast. This last experiment was conducted to examine the influence of climate variability in ocean acidification patterns.

This dataset contains monthly-averaged surface and bottom fields of temperature, salinity, total alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for the Gulf of Mexico, derived from an updated version of the 8 km resolution GoMBio model (original model description in Gomez et al., 2020; https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1685-2020). We provide outputs from a model hindcast (1980-2019) and sensitivity experiments to evaluate the carbonate system sensitivity to changes in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya river chemistry.

This data package contains a hybrid surface OA data product that is produced based on three recent observational data products: (a) the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT, version 2022), (b) the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2022), and (c) the Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, version 2021), and 14 Earth System Models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The trajectories of ten OA indicators, including fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on Total Scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle Factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content are provided under preindustrial conditions, historical conditions, and future Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: SSP1-19, SSP1-26, SSP2-45, SSP3-70, and SSP5-85 from 1750 to 2100 on a global surface ocean grid. These OA trajectories are improved relative to previous OA data products with respect to data quantity, spatial and temporal coverage, diversity of the underlying data and model simulations, and the provided SSPs over the 21st century.

This data package contains 10 global subsurface ocean acidification (OA) indicators at standardized depth levels of 50, 100, and 200 meters. The indicators include fugacity of carbon dioxide, pH on the total scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, Revelle Factor, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content. They are presented on a global ocean grid of 1° × 1°, as decadal averages spanning from preindustrial conditions (1750) through historical conditions (1850–2010) and projected into five future scenarios defined by Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) from 2020 to 2100. These OA indicators were generated by following the same approach as described by Jiang et al. (2023) (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003563), and utilized data from 14 Earth System Models (ESMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), as well as a gridded data product provided by Lauvset et al. (2016) (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-325-2016).

Dataset Description: Gridded monthly data products of surface ocean acidification indicators from 1998 to 2024 and on a 0.25° by 0.25° spatial grid have been developed for eleven U.S. Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) using a machine learning algorithm called random forest regression (RFR). The data products are called RFR-LMEs, and were constructed using observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas — co-located with surface ocean properties from various satellite, reanalysis, and observational products — with an approach that utilized two types of machine learning algorithms: (1) Gaussian mixture models to cluster the data into subregions with similar environmental variability and (2) RFRs that were trained and applied separately in each cluster to interpolate the observational data in space and time. RFR-LMEs also rely on previously published seawater property estimation routines to obtain the full suite of ocean acidification indicators. The products show a domain-wide carbo n dioxide partial pressure increase of 1.6 ± 0.4 μatm yr−1 and pH decrease of 0.0015 ± 0.0004 yr−1. More information on the creation and validation of RFR-LMEs is available in the following publication: Sharp, J.D., Jiang, L., Carter, B.R., Lavin, P.D., Yoo, H., Cross, S.L., 2024. A mapped dataset of surface ocean acidification indicators in large marine ecosystems of the United States. Scientific Data, 11, 715, 10.1038/s41597-024- 03530-7.

This dataset includes high-frequency (hourly to sub-hourly) coastal acidification time-series data collected during nine deployments in the aforementioned seven estuaries along the US East Coast, US West Coast and Gulf of Mexico from 2015-04-23 to 2020-07-29. These data include water temperature, salinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in water, dissolved oxygen (DO) in water, and pH on the total scale. The instruments used to collected these data include Sunburst SAMI-CO2, Pro-Oceanus CO2-Pro CV and a LiCOr LI-820 CO2 gas analyzers for autonomous pCO2 measurements, Sea-Bird SeapHOx and SeaFET instruments for pH measurements, Sea-Bird SeapHOx and Aanderaa Oxygen Optode instruments for DO measurements, and YSI water sensing instrument packages for measurements of conductivity (salinity), temperature and depth. Beginning in 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Estuary Program (NEP) started a collaboration with partners in seven estuaries along the East Coast (Barnegat Bay; Casco Bay), West Coast (Santa Monica Bay; San Francisco Bay; Tillamook Bay), and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Coast (Tampa Bay; Mission-Aransas Estuary) of the United States to expand the use of autonomous monitoring partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and pH sensors to evaluate carbonate chemistry in the estuarine environment.

This data package contains 1x1 degree coastal climatologies (mean fields of oceanographic variables on a regular geographic grid at specific depths) of pH on the Total Scale, total hydrogen ion content, free hydrogen ion content, carbonate ion content, aragonite saturation state, calcite saturation state, total dissolved inorganic carbon content, and total alkalinity content from surface to 500 meters water depth on North American ocean margins. These climatologies were developed with the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) gridding technologies of the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), based on the recently released Coastal Ocean Data Analysis Product in North America (CODAP-NA, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021), along with the Global Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 (GLODAPv2, version 2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5565-2021). The relevant variables were adjusted to the year of 2010 based on the algorithms as developed by Carter et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10461) before the gridding. This data package contains a total of 8 NetCDF files, one for each of the variable. It is recommended to use the objectively analyzed mean fields (with "_an" postfix) for each variable.

This data package contains Underway total alkalinity, water temperature, salinity and other variables collected from surface seawater during the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown 2021 West Coast Ocean Acidification cruise RBWCOA2021 (EXPOCODE 33RO20210613) in the North Pacific Ocean from 2021-06-14 to 2021-07-20. Data were collected from the ship's underway seawater supply during the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program-funded West Coast Ocean Acidification (WCOA) cruise. This underway TA effort was part of the NOAA Ocean Acidification Program (OAP) grant entitled "Expanding near-shore carbonate measurements along the East-coast and Gulf of Mexico through multiple collaborations". Along with total alkalinity, corresponding temperature and salinity measurements are included. Measurements of pCO2 taken on these cruises are available from NOAA's AOML.